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Biopsychology > Exam 3 - Drug addiction > Flashcards

Exam 3 - Drug addiction Flashcards

1
Q

A state of decreased sensitivity to a drug as a result of previous exposure to it is called​
A. Tolerance
B. withdrawal​
C. Psychological dependence
D. sensitization

A

A

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2
Q

Although ________ is classified as a depressant, it has stimulant effects at low doses.​
A. Tobacco
B. alcohol​
C. Cocaine
D. amphetamine

A

B

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3
Q

The main health hazard of chronic marijuana smoking appears to be​
A. amotivational syndrome
B. cancer​
C. bradycardia
D. respiratory problems

A

D

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4
Q

Although________ is extremely addictive, there are few obvious withdrawal symptoms when a binge is terminated.​

a. Alcohol c. opium​

b. Cocaine d. nicotine

A

B

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5
Q

Withdrawal from which of the following drugs is like a bad flu?​

a. Nicotine c. cocaine​

b. Alcohol d. heroin

A

D

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6
Q

Drug

A

any substance we can take into our body that has the power to change us either functionally or structurally

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7
Q

Psychoactive drug

A

a drug that affects mental functioning

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8
Q

Psychopharmacology

A

the study of the effects of drugs on behavior

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9
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

ways in which a drug affects the living organism and the organs of the body

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10
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

how a drug moves through the body (absorption, metabolism, distribution, and elimination)

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11
Q

What are the routes of administration for drugs? Which are the fastest and slowest?

A
  • oral (slowest)
  • intramuscular
  • intraperitoneal
  • intravenous (quickest)
  • subcutaneous
  • intracerebral
  • intraventricular
  • inhalation
  • mucous membranes
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12
Q

Half life, what happens if a drugs half life is long?

A
  • amount of time required for the body to eliminate/metabolize half of a drug
  • the drug will have a longer lasting effect
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13
Q

The more _____ soluble a drug is, the easier it crosses the _________________.

A

lipid, blood brain barrier

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14
Q

Substance abuse

A

pattern of drug use that results in negative effects

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15
Q

Substance dependence

A

compulsive use of a substance

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16
Q

What are the two types of physiological dependence?

A

tolerance and withdrawal

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17
Q

Tolerance, what are the 3 types?

A

decrease in the effects of a drug resulting from repeated use, need more of a substance to get the desired effect
- metabolic
- functional
- cross-tolerance

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18
Q

Withdrawal

A

physical or psychological problem that results from stopping the use of a drug, effects will usually be the opposite of what the drug does

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19
Q

Conditioned drug tolerance

A

cues associated with drug-taking become conditioned stimuli that elicit conditioned compensatory responses (ex: going to the same drug house over and over again will increase the tolerance in that environment, but not in others)

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20
Q

What are the theories of addiction?

A
  • physical dependence theory
  • positive incentive
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21
Q

Physical-dependence theory

A

continued use to avoid withdrawal, physically dependent

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22
Q

Positive-incentive theories

A

use continues due to craving (anticipated pleasure) for drug effects

23
Q

Opioids, what are some examples?

A
  • derived from the opium poppy, opioids are analgesics
  • morphine and heroin
24
Q

What are the classifications of opioids? What are examples of each?

A
  • Natural = obtained directly from the poppy (morphine and codeine)
  • Semisynthetic = combination of opiate and other chemicals (heroin)
  • Synthetic = manufactured in the lab (demerol, fentanyl)
25
Q

What are the mechanisms of opioids?

A
  • pure agonist - binds well to receptors
  • partial agonist - doesn’t bind as tightly to receptors
  • mixed agonist-antagonist - either binds well or not as well to receptor
  • pure antagonist - blocks receptors and reverses affects
26
Q

What are some long term effects of opioid and depressant use?

A
  • often illegal
  • addictive
  • tolerance created
  • wtihdrawal (flu-like symptoms for heroin only)
  • physical and psychological dependence
27
Q

What two things are used to treat opioids addiction?

A
  • methadone = has similar effect to heroin, but much less severe. Prevents withdrawal symptoms.
  • naltrexone = opiate antagonist, reduces the cravings
28
Q

Depressant, what are some examples?

A
  • acts on the CNS to slow down mental and physical functioning
  • alcohol, barbiturates, and benzodiazepine
29
Q

Alcohol

A

strongly influences consciousness and the ability to respond effectively to the environment
- low levels can increase alertness

30
Q

What is an objective way to measure the alcohol content in the body?

A

blood alcohol content

31
Q

What receptors does alcohol affect? Alcohol’s action on what receptors cause pleasure?

A
  • enables GABA to bind more tightly to its receptors
  • inhibits the NMDA/glutamate receptors
  • the action of alcohol on opiate receptors create pleasure
32
Q

Can severe withdrawal from alcohol be fatal?

A

yes

33
Q

Barbiturate, what are its 3 classifications? What neurotransmitter does this act on?

A
  • a sedative-hypnotic drug that is a derivative of barbituric acid, used for sleep
  • Ultrashort, short-intermediate, long
  • act on GABA
34
Q

Nonbarbiturate sedative-hypnotic drugs

A

sedative-hypnotic drug that is not derived from barbituric acid

35
Q

Benzodiazepine

A

a widely prescribed subclass of antianxiety drugs (tranquilizers), have an addictive quality

36
Q

Psychostimulants, what are the four types?

A
  • produces alertness by enhancing the functioning of the sympathetic nervous system and the reticular formation
  • amphetamine, cocaine, caffeine, nicotine
37
Q

Amphetamine, what is it used to treat, what NT does this cause a release of?

A
  • person experiences greater energy, a decreased need to sleep, reduced appetite, and positive mood
  • typically used to treat ADHD and sleep disorders
  • increases release of dopamine
38
Q

Cocaine, what NT does this block?

A
  • alkaloid compound that increases alertness, decreases fatigue, and produces a pleasurable emotional state
  • blocks reuptake of dopamine
39
Q

What is the main alkaloid compound found in opioids? What is the less potent version of this?

A
  • morphine
  • codeine
40
Q

Crack

A

a potent form of cocaine made by mixing cocaine hydrochloride with ammonia or baking soda and water

41
Q

Caffeine

A

found in various plants, increases altertness and decreases fatigue

42
Q

Nicotine, what receptors does this act on?

A

Found in the leaves of the tobacco plant that increases altertness and decreases fatigue
- acts on acetylcholine receptors

43
Q

Amphetamine and cocaine increase what two neurotransmitters? Caffeine? Nicotine?

A
  • norepinephrine and dopamine
  • glutamate
  • dopamine
44
Q

What is a danger of psychostimulant abuse? (Hint: psychosis)

A

stimulant-induced psychosis: paranoia as well as delusions and hallucinations that result from frequent or excessive use of amphetamines and cocaine

45
Q

Psychedelic drugs, what are some examples?

A
  • profoundly alters a person’s state of consciousness; also called hallucinogens
  • LSD, PCP, Ecstasy
46
Q

Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)

A
  • powerful synthetic psychedelic drug, also known as acid
  • causes flashbacks to previous trips
47
Q

Phencyclidine (PCP)

A

powerful synthetic psychedelic drug, also known as angel dust

48
Q

MDMA, why is this drug dangerous?

A

synthetic psychoactive drug that induces a state of consciousness that facilitates communication, also known as ecstasy
- neurotoxin, can damage serotinin neurons leading to memory deficits and depression

49
Q

What are some dangers of psychedelic drugs? Is there a withdrawal?

A
  • unpredictability
  • tolerance
  • no withdrawal
50
Q

Marijuana

A

mild hallucinogen obtained from a mixture of crushed leaves, flowers, stems and seeds of the hemp plant
- does have some medicinal effects

51
Q

What is the psychoactive ingredient in marijuana?

A

THC

52
Q

What are some of the dangers of marijuana use?

A
  • tolerance
  • withdrawal
  • vulnerability to the same types of cancers and respiratory problems as smokers
53
Q

Where are the cells that produce dopamine located?

A

substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area

54
Q

What brain areas are involved in addiction?

A

dopamine areas, all drugs of abuse increase dopamine

Biopsychology (12 decks)

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