Exam 4

Question 1

a situational model that focuses on the participative dimension of leadership

Answer 1

vroom model

Question 2

a theory that concerns how leaders influence subordinates perceptions of their work goals and the paths they follow toward attainment of those goals

Answer 2

path-goal theory

Question 3

a leadership philosophy characterized by an absence of managerial decision making

Answer 3

laissez-faire

Question 4

a life cycle theory of leadership postulating that a manger should consider an employee’s psychological and job maturity before deciding whether task performance or maintenance behaviors are more important

Answer 4

Hersey and Blanchard’s situational theory

Question 5

the personal style of the leader and the degree to which the situation gives the leader power, control and influence over the situation

Answer 5

Fiedler’s contingency model

Question 6

managers can spend less time in direct attempts to influence people when

Answer 6

substitutes for leadership are operating

Question 7

highlights the importance of leader behaviors not just toward the group as a whole but toward individuals on a personal basis

Answer 7

leader-member exchange theory (LMX)

Question 8

managers should consider three factors before deciding how to lead

Answer 8

• forces in the manager
• forces in the subordinate
• forces in the situation

Question 9

a form of leadership in which the leader solicits input from subordinates

Answer 9

democratic leadership

Question 10

a form of leadership in which the leader makes decisions on his or her own and then announces those decisions to the group

Answer 10

autocratic leadership

Question 11

a person who is dominant, self confident, convinced of the moral righteousness of his or her beliefs, and able to arouse a sense of excitement and adventure in followers

Answer 11

charismatic leader

Question 12

a style in which the leader is true to himself or herself while leading

Answer 12

authentic leadership

Question 13

three primary categories of leadership behavior are

Answer 13

• behaviors that are related to task performance
• employee participation in decision making
• group maintenance

Question 14

a combination of strong professional determination and humility that builds enduring greatness

Answer 14

level 5 leadership

Question 14

a leadership perspective that attempts to identify what good leaders do that is, what behaviors they exhibit

Answer 14

behavioral approach

Question 14

a leadership perspective that attempts to determine the personal characteristics that great leaders share

Answer 14

trait approach

Question 15

leadership perspective proposing that universally important traits and behaviors do not exist and that effective leadership behavior varies from situation to situation

Answer 15

situational

Question 16

leadership behavior provides guidance, support, and corrective feedback for day-to-day activities

Answer 16

supervisory

Question 17

a mental image of a possible and desirable future state of the organization

Answer 17

vision leadership

Question 18

behavior that gives purpose and meaning to organizations, envisioning and creating a positive future

Answer 18

strategic leadership

Question 19

the best vision statements are

Answer 19

ideal and unique

Question 20

which of the following is a key behavior of the best leaders, according to Kouzes and Posner?

Answer 20

encourage the heart

Question 21

leader who talks about positive change but allows self-interests to take precendence over followers needs

Answer 21

pseudotransformational leaders

Question 22

rotating leadership, in which people rotate through the leadership role based on which person has the most relevant skills at a particular time

Answer 22

shared leaders

Question 23

leader who manages through transactions, using legitimate, reward, and coercive powers to give commands and exchange rewards for services rendered

Answer 23

transactional leaders

Question 24

a leader who motivates people to transcend their personal interests for the good of the group

Answer 24

transformational leaders

Question 25

style in which colleagues at the same hierarchical level are invited to collaborate and facilitate joint problem solving

Answer 25

lateral leadership

Question 26

motivation refers to

Answer 26

forces that energize, direct, and sustain a person’s efforts

Question 27

a motivation theory stating that people have conscious goals that energize them and direct their thoughts and behaviors toward a particular end

Answer 27

goal setting theory

Question 28

reward a worker derives directly from performing the job itself

Answer 28

intrinsic reward

Question 29

targets that are particularly demanding, sometimes even thought to be impossible

Answer 29

stretch goals

Question 30

reward given to a person by the boss, the company, or some other person

Answer 30

extrinsic goals

Question 31

the use of reinforcement or punishment in organizational settings is an integral part of

Answer 31

organizational behavior modification

Question 32

according to the expectancy theory, ________ is the link between performance and outcome

Answer 32

instrumentality

Question 33

a theory proposing that people will behave based on their perceived likelihood that their effort will lead to a certain outcome and on how highly they value that outcome

Answer 33

expectancy theory

Question 34

the value an outcome holds for the person contemplating it

Answer 34

valence

Question 35

three basic sets of needs: existence, relatedness, and growth which can operate simultaneously

Answer 35

Alderfer’s ERG theory

Question 36

Herzberg’s two-factor theory highlights the distinction between

Answer 36

intrinsic and extrinsic rewards

Question 37

changing a task to make it inherently more rewarding, motivating, and satisfying

Answer 37

job enrichment

Question 38

using fair processes in decision making and making sure others know that the process was as fair as possible

Answer 38

procedural justice

Question 39

what are the eight categories of quality of work life programs?

Answer 39

• adequate and fair compensation
• a safe and healthy environment
• jobs that develop human capacities
• a social environment that fosters personal identity, freedom from prejudice, a sense of community, and upward mobility
• constitutionalism, or the rights of personal privacy, dissent, and due process
• a work role that minimizes infringement on personal leisure and family needs
• socially responsible organizational actions

Question 40

attempted to influence people’s behavior, and improve performance by systematically managing work conditions and the consequences of people’s actions

Answer 40

organizational behavior modification (OB mod)

Question 41

maslow’s needs

Answer 41

• physiological
• safety or security
• social or belongingness
• esteem or ego
• self actualization