Exam 4 Flashcards by MC J

Clonal Selection means

the ability of a spcific B cell subset to proliferate upon exposure to a spicific epitope

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Epitope is

the part of the antigen that an antibody binds to

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Threshold odse

elicits a strong immune response

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immunogenic strength

protein > carb > DNA fragment

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antigen presenting cells

typically the way in which T cells see antigens

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person with type B blood

has anti-A antibodies in serum

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hapten

not immunogenic by itself; requires a carrier protein

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characteristics of B cells

-memory B cells are responsible for the enhances secondary antibody response
-they have antibodies on their surface
-plasma B cells form and secrete antibodies
-B cells are incapable of directly killing pathogenic microbes

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antigens coated with antibody can lead to

-complement activation
-phagocytosis
-agglutination
-neutralization of toxin or block adherence of bacteria to tissues

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An organism found on human skin that derives benefit from the host but does not harm it is called

commensalistic organism

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Associated with innate immunity

lysozyme in saliva, macrophage engulfment of bacteria, cilia in trachea, production of defensins

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inflammatory process includes

dilation of blood vessels, release of histamines, bradykinin, and prostaglandins, extraversion, release of cytokines to attract cells of the immune system

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natural killer cells target

[aberrant cells, such as virally infected and tumorigenic cells]

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opsonization

requires the presence of phagocytic cells
involves antibodies
can destroy encapsulated bacteria

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interferons

secreted by eukaryotic cells in response to intracellular infection, specifically viral infections

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toll-like receptors

bind with bacterial surface molecules and release chemicals that trigger host defenses

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defensins

form channels in bacterial cytoplasmic membranes, ultimately killing the cell

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complement

more effective against gram-negative cells
does not need to be synthesized
already present in. blood and available to respond immediately to infection

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an aspect of the adaptive immune response

lymphocytes

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What adaptive immune response would most likely prevail in an infection by an
extracellular pathogen

B cells

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B cells cannot directly kill

pathogenic microbes

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immunoprecipitation occurs when

antigen and antibody ratios are approximately equal

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a certain pathogen is not easily acquired by individuals and has less than a 1% mortality rate among those unfortunate enough to acquire it. THis pathogen is

minimally infectious and minimally virulent

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Graph where agent 1 has exponential growth way sooner than agent 2

Lower LD-50: Agent 1
Less virulent: Agent 2
Primary pathogen: cannot determine from this
Higher LD-50: Agent 2

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Fomites can be

door knob

Vertical transmission is indicated by

mosquito to offspring

contributors to virulence of a pathogen

toxins capsule fimbriae/pili numbers of microorganisms that gain access to a host

endotoxins are

which 2?

bacterial exotoxins

-protein toxins made and secreted by both gram (+/-) -toxins with ADP ribosyltransferase activity produce different effects depending on the toxin type -the cholera toxin gene of pathogenic virbio cholera strains is acquired from a bacteriophage -exotoxins can be superantigens or proteases

benefit to extracellular pathogens

-presence of a capsule -ability to prevent opsonization -ability to alter cell surface proteins via phase variation

the phenomenon of membrane ruffling carrier out by shigella

-is preceded by the injection of several bacterial proteins into the host cell -due to a type 3 secretion system present in the bacteria -allows the bacteria to become an intracellular parasite -caused by rearrangement of the host cell cytoskeleton

pathogenic strains of staphylococcus aureus

is a primary cause of skin infections -many strains are resistant to conventional penicillin-like antibiotics -it can cause gastroenteritis due to food poisoning -TSS is attributable

pathogens that cause gastroenteritis/diarrhea

E coli O157:H7 rotavirus shigella giardia entamoeba histolytica

STD: elementary body

infectious, but non-replicative form of chlamydia

treponema pallidum

causative agent of syphillis

diagnosis of gonorrhea

gram-negative diplococci in males urethral discharge

most frequently reported STD

chlamydia

neurotoxigenic disease caused by clostridium botulinum

blocks NT release to muscle causative agent produces endospores results in lack of muscle contraction

plasmodium species are

the causative agent of malaria; protozoans

plasmodium parasites avoid

the immune system by constantly changing cell surface proteins

anopheles mosquito is the

vector for transmission of malaria

plasmodium differentiates into

different forms during the infection

plague facts

-vector that transmits microbe is a flea -the pneumonic form is the most infectious -infected dleas transfer the dieases from -an example of a systemic infection

giardia

prototozal pathogen that is transmitted in feces as a cyst form

neisseria meningitidis

capsultaed, CNS pathogen capablw of crossing the BBB

mycobacterium tuberculosis

slow-growing, acist fast bacterium that causes a chronic respiratory disease

strptococcus mutans

biofilm forming pathogen that can caus endocarditis following a dental producdure

a bacteria that you would expect to cause the most severe blood disease in a susceptible host

rapidly growing encapsulated bacteria

commensals do not need virulence factors to survive on their host because

-they are well adapted for their specific niche -they do not breach the host barriers and immune system -they do not normally cause disease

bacterial types that can become intracellular pathogens during the course of an infection

chlamydia salmonella shigella tuberculosis

which of the following should be free from microbes in a healthy individual

CSF

a bacterium such as Clostridium botulinum (produces botulism exotoxin) would be considered

a primary pathogen

activation of cytotoxic T cells is not associated with

innate immunity

natural killer cells target

infected cells that have lost mHC surface proteins

opsonization is not strictly part of

the adaptive immune response

exogenous pyrogen

leads to an increase in the hypothalamic temperature set point

antimalaria antibodies can be categorized as an example of

humoral immunity

Chlamydia trachomatis is a bacterial STD that lives intracellularly within human host cells; what adaptive immune response would most likely prevail in this infection?

cytotoxic T cells

a mostly nonproteinaceous, yet toxic, compound found in all Gram-negative bacteria?

endotoxin

the ability to lyse a phagosome or prevent the fusion of a phagosome and lysosome would be of particular benefit to

an intracellular pathogen

most diarrheal diseases are of what origin

viral

tertiary syphilis

advanced stage of untreated disease; characterized by dementia and/or heart problems

yersenia pestis is

the bacterium responsible for the plague

streptococcus pyogenes

primary cause of sore throats and also causes flesh-eating disease

opsonization is a process whereby the innate and adaptive immune mechanisms work together to

phagocytize an invader

characteristics of T cells

originate in bone marrow and mature in the thymus unlike B cells, certain T cells can directly kill infected host cells they can secrete cytokines when activated they recognize antigens associated with MHC proteins

endotoxins are associated with

lipid A of the LPS layer

cholera toxins results in the loss of

tremendous amounts of water from an affected inficidual

exotoxins can cause disruptions of

cell membranes or inhibit sukaryotic ribosomes

structurally, exotoxins possess a binding subunit and

a subunit possessing the toxin activity

clostridium tetani

spasmic paralytic causative agent produces endospores inhibits release of neurotransmitter from inhibitory neurons

malaria in an infection of the

cardiovascular system

plague septicemic form

most infectious

herd immunity protect un-immunized individuals because

immunized persons in the community serve to interrupt transmission of the disease

Why is antibiotic treatment not typically prescribed for staphylococcal food poisoning?

no cells infect the body to cause the disease symptoms

secondary antibody response is not associated with

innate immunity

natural killer cells also target

bacterial cells that are coated with complement infeted cells bound iwth antibody extracelluularu viruses