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MicroBiology > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Clonal Selection means

A

the ability of a spcific B cell subset to proliferate upon exposure to a spicific epitope

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2
Q

Epitope is

A

the part of the antigen that an antibody binds to

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3
Q

Threshold odse

A

elicits a strong immune response

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4
Q

immunogenic strength

A

protein > carb > DNA fragment

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5
Q

antigen presenting cells

A

typically the way in which T cells see antigens

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6
Q

person with type B blood

A

has anti-A antibodies in serum

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7
Q

hapten

A

not immunogenic by itself; requires a carrier protein

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8
Q

characteristics of B cells

A

-memory B cells are responsible for the enhances secondary antibody response
-they have antibodies on their surface
-plasma B cells form and secrete antibodies
-B cells are incapable of directly killing pathogenic microbes

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9
Q

antigens coated with antibody can lead to

A

-complement activation
-phagocytosis
-agglutination
-neutralization of toxin or block adherence of bacteria to tissues

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10
Q

An organism found on human skin that derives benefit from the host but does not harm it is called

A

commensalistic organism

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11
Q

Associated with innate immunity

A

lysozyme in saliva, macrophage engulfment of bacteria, cilia in trachea, production of defensins

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12
Q

inflammatory process includes

A

dilation of blood vessels, release of histamines, bradykinin, and prostaglandins, extraversion, release of cytokines to attract cells of the immune system

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13
Q

natural killer cells target

A

[aberrant cells, such as virally infected and tumorigenic cells]

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14
Q

opsonization

A

requires the presence of phagocytic cells
involves antibodies
can destroy encapsulated bacteria

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15
Q

interferons

A

secreted by eukaryotic cells in response to intracellular infection, specifically viral infections

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16
Q

toll-like receptors

A

bind with bacterial surface molecules and release chemicals that trigger host defenses

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17
Q

defensins

A

form channels in bacterial cytoplasmic membranes, ultimately killing the cell

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18
Q

complement

A

more effective against gram-negative cells
does not need to be synthesized
already present in. blood and available to respond immediately to infection

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19
Q

an aspect of the adaptive immune response

A

lymphocytes

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20
Q

What adaptive immune response would most likely prevail in an infection by an
extracellular pathogen

A

B cells

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21
Q

B cells cannot directly kill

A

pathogenic microbes

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22
Q

immunoprecipitation occurs when

A

antigen and antibody ratios are approximately equal

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23
Q

a certain pathogen is not easily acquired by individuals and has less than a 1% mortality rate among those unfortunate enough to acquire it. THis pathogen is

A

minimally infectious and minimally virulent

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24
Q

Graph where agent 1 has exponential growth way sooner than agent 2

A

Lower LD-50: Agent 1
Less virulent: Agent 2
Primary pathogen: cannot determine from this
Higher LD-50: Agent 2

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25
Q

Fomites can be

A

door knob

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26
Q

Vertical transmission is indicated by

A

mosquito to offspring

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27
Q

contributors to virulence of a pathogen

A

toxins
capsule
fimbriae/pili
numbers of microorganisms that gain access to a host

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28
Q

endotoxins are

A

which 2?

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29
Q

bacterial exotoxins

A

-protein toxins made and secreted by both gram (+/-)
-toxins with ADP ribosyltransferase activity produce different effects depending on the toxin type
-the cholera toxin gene of pathogenic virbio cholera strains is acquired from a bacteriophage
-exotoxins can be superantigens or proteases

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30
Q

benefit to extracellular pathogens

A

-presence of a capsule
-ability to prevent opsonization
-ability to alter cell surface proteins via phase variation

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31
Q

the phenomenon of membrane ruffling carrier out by shigella

A

-is preceded by the injection of several bacterial proteins into the host cell
-due to a type 3 secretion system present in the bacteria
-allows the bacteria to become an intracellular parasite
-caused by rearrangement of the host cell cytoskeleton

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32
Q

pathogenic strains of staphylococcus aureus

A

is a primary cause of skin infections
-many strains are resistant to conventional penicillin-like antibiotics
-it can cause gastroenteritis due to food poisoning
-TSS is attributable

33
Q

pathogens that cause gastroenteritis/diarrhea

A

E coli O157:H7
rotavirus
shigella
giardia
entamoeba histolytica

34
Q

STD: elementary body

A

infectious, but non-replicative form of chlamydia

35
Q

treponema pallidum

A

causative agent of syphillis

36
Q

diagnosis of gonorrhea

A

gram-negative diplococci in males urethral discharge

37
Q

most frequently reported STD

A

chlamydia

38
Q

neurotoxigenic disease caused by clostridium botulinum

A

blocks NT release to muscle
causative agent produces endospores
results in lack of muscle contraction

39
Q

plasmodium species are

A

the causative agent of malaria; protozoans

40
Q

plasmodium parasites avoid

A

the immune system by constantly changing cell surface proteins

41
Q

anopheles mosquito is the

A

vector for transmission of malaria

42
Q

plasmodium differentiates into

A

different forms during the infection

43
Q

plague facts

A

-vector that transmits microbe is a flea
-the pneumonic form is the most infectious
-infected dleas transfer the dieases from
-an example of a systemic infection

44
Q

giardia

A

prototozal pathogen that is transmitted in feces as a cyst form

45
Q

neisseria meningitidis

A

capsultaed, CNS pathogen capablw of crossing the BBB

46
Q

mycobacterium tuberculosis

A

slow-growing, acist fast bacterium that causes a chronic respiratory disease

47
Q

strptococcus mutans

A

biofilm forming pathogen that can caus endocarditis following a dental producdure

48
Q

a bacteria that you would expect to cause the most severe blood disease in a susceptible host

A

rapidly growing encapsulated bacteria

49
Q

commensals do not need virulence factors to survive on their host because

A

-they are well adapted for their specific niche
-they do not breach the host barriers and immune system
-they do not normally cause disease

50
Q

bacterial types that can become intracellular pathogens during the course of an infection

A

chlamydia
salmonella
shigella
tuberculosis

51
Q

which of the following should be free from microbes in a healthy individual

A

CSF

52
Q

a bacterium such as Clostridium botulinum (produces botulism exotoxin) would be
considered

A

a primary pathogen

53
Q

activation of cytotoxic T cells is not associated with

A

innate immunity

54
Q

natural killer cells target

A

infected cells that have lost mHC surface proteins

55
Q

opsonization is not strictly part of

A

the adaptive immune response

56
Q

exogenous pyrogen

A

leads to an increase in the hypothalamic temperature set point

57
Q

antimalaria antibodies can be categorized as an example of

A

humoral immunity

58
Q

Chlamydia trachomatis is a bacterial STD that lives intracellularly within human host
cells; what adaptive immune response would most likely prevail in this infection?

A

cytotoxic T cells

59
Q

a mostly nonproteinaceous, yet toxic, compound found in all Gram-negative bacteria?

A

endotoxin

60
Q

the ability to lyse a phagosome or prevent the fusion of a phagosome and lysosome would be of particular benefit to

A

an intracellular pathogen

61
Q

most diarrheal diseases are of what origin

A

viral

62
Q

tertiary syphilis

A

advanced stage of untreated disease; characterized by dementia and/or heart problems

63
Q

yersenia pestis is

A

the bacterium responsible for the plague

64
Q

streptococcus pyogenes

A

primary cause of sore throats and also causes flesh-eating disease

65
Q

opsonization is a process whereby the innate and adaptive immune mechanisms work together to

A

phagocytize an invader

66
Q

characteristics of T cells

A

originate in bone marrow and mature in the thymus
unlike B cells, certain T cells can directly kill infected host cells
they can secrete cytokines when activated
they recognize antigens associated with MHC proteins

67
Q

endotoxins are associated with

A

lipid A of the LPS layer

68
Q

cholera toxins results in the loss of

A

tremendous amounts of water from an affected inficidual

69
Q

exotoxins can cause disruptions of

A

cell membranes or inhibit sukaryotic ribosomes

70
Q

structurally, exotoxins possess a binding subunit and

A

a subunit possessing the toxin activity

71
Q

clostridium tetani

A

spasmic paralytic
causative agent produces endospores
inhibits release of neurotransmitter from inhibitory neurons

72
Q

malaria in an infection of the

A

cardiovascular system

73
Q

plague septicemic form

A

most infectious

74
Q

herd immunity protect un-immunized individuals because

A

immunized persons in the community serve to interrupt transmission of the disease

75
Q

Why is antibiotic treatment not typically prescribed for staphylococcal
food poisoning?

A

no cells infect the body to cause the disease symptoms

76
Q

secondary antibody response is not associated with

A

innate immunity

77
Q

natural killer cells also target

A

bacterial cells that are coated with complement
infeted cells bound iwth antibody
extracelluularu viruses

78
Q
A

MicroBiology (16 decks)

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