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MicroBiology > Ch 9 > Flashcards

Ch 9 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

vertical transmission is a method of

A

composition of genes to gain prokaryotic genomes

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2
Q

forms of horizontal transmission

A

-transformation
-conjugation
-transduction
-transposition

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3
Q

breakdown of E coli genome

A

88% protein coding
11% for regulation
0.8% tRNA & rRNA genes
20% of genome acquired from other microbes

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4
Q

gene pools that each species has

A

core gene pool
flexible gene pool

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5
Q

E coli GC?

A

hmm

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6
Q

core gene pool definition

A

genes common to all members of a species; typically informational genes

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7
Q

flexible gene pool definition

A

genes NOT common to all members of a species; vary among members

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8
Q

DNA elements of core gene pool

A

chromosomes and some plasmids

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9
Q

encoded features of core gene pool

A

ribosomes
cell envelope
key metabolic pathways
DNA replication
Nucleotide turnover

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10
Q

DNA elements of flexible gene pool

A

genomic islands and islets
bacteriophages
plasmids
integrons
transposons

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11
Q

encoded features of flexible gene pool

A

pathogenicity
antibiotic resistance
secretion
symbiosis
degradation
secondary metabolism; restriction modification; transposases/integrases

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12
Q

transformation definition

A

uptake of “naked DNA” from the environment

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13
Q

Conjugation definition

A

transfer of DNA via cell-to-cell contact

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14
Q

transduction definition

A

DNA transfer via a viral intermediate

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15
Q

transposition definition

A

transfer of transposons (mobile genetics elements)

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16
Q

genomic islands definition

A

transferred genetic elements containing large number of genes of similar function

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17
Q

which genes do pathogenicity islands contain

A

virulence genes
antibiotic resistance genes

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18
Q

bacteria host interactions are found in what kind of genomic island

A

symbiosis islands

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19
Q

fitness islands contain

A

catabolic pathway

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20
Q

potential fate of DNA acquired via horizontal transmission

A
  1. degrade DNA; use as food
  2. recombine w chromosome
  3. co-exist
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21
Q

_____ is a major recombination protein

A

RecA; scans DNA for, and aligns with homologous regions

22
Q

in order to uptake DNA, a cell must be

A

competent

23
Q

in order to be competent, a cell must accumulate

A

competence factors

24
Q

formation of ______ allows gram-positive bacteria to uptake DNA fragments

A

transformasome complex

25
Q

quorum sensing mechanism controls

A

competence; is a cell density dependent phenomenon (prior example: biofilm formation)

26
Q

for transformation, gram-negative bacteria use

A

type IV pilus haemophilus neisseria;
pilus attaches to external DNA fragment and brings into cell

27
Q

artificials transformation works by

A

inducing competence in cells by addition of chemicals, or via electric charge (electroporation)

28
Q

if threshold level of CF accumulate…

A

…CFs bind sensor protein; binding initiates sigma factor expression

29
Q

the transformasome imports

A

only one DNA strand of the double helix

30
Q

inside cell, transformed DNA may

A

recombine with host chromosome

31
Q

conjugation typically occurs in which species

A

bacterial, archeal

32
Q

fertility factor or F factor function

A

facilitates conjugation;
F+ cells contain F factor, known as conjugative or transferable plasmids

33
Q

Donor cells are ____ and recipient cells are ____ that conjoin via _____

A

F+
F-
sex pilus to transfer plasmid

34
Q

conjugation-specific genes include

A

tra genes
sex pilus
relaxosome: facilitates bridging of cells and transfer of DNA
oriT (for transfer)
OriV (used when not conjugating)

35
Q

inside recipient cell, F factor can either

A

remain as a plasmid or integrate into the chromosome via recombination (yields a cell termed an Hfr cell)

36
Q

Hfr stands for

A

high-frequency recombination strain; capable of transferring portions of the chromosome during conjugation

37
Q

Hfr formation integration occurs at

A

areas of homology between plasmid and chromosome

38
Q

Hfr x F- mating means

A

F- gains chromosomal genes but remains F-

39
Q

F’ (F prime) factor formation occurs when

A

error in excision of integrated F factor from host chromosome (aberrant excision)
-excised F factor contains some host DNA; extra genes expressed as a part of the F’ plasmid
-acquisition of F’ plasmid by a cell can result in partial diploid; acquires extra copy of a chromosomal gene

40
Q

generalized transduction means that

A

any gene can transfer between cells

41
Q

transduction: during viral life cycle, _________ are mistakenly packaged in _______

A

host DNA fragments;
phage particles

42
Q

TRANSDUCTION: infectious phage contain ______ which infect new host and transfer to DNA

A

bacterial DNA

43
Q

specialized transduction

A

transfer of a few closely linked genes

44
Q

transposable elements exist only as

A

forms integrated into DNA

45
Q

transposable elements are not ______ like plasmids

A

autonomous

46
Q

transposition is the process of

A

mobilizing the transposable elements within or between DNA molecules

47
Q

transposable elements include

A

transposase gene & simplest

47
Q

transposase gene function

A

catalyses transfer or copying unit from one DNA to another

48
Q

simplest properties

A

insertion sequences (IS); have only a transposase and possess inverted repeat sequences

49
Q

complex transposon composition

A

insertion sequences + additional genes

50
Q

conjugative transposons

A

transfer of transposon to another cell via conjugation

MicroBiology (16 decks)

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