Ch 25

Question 1

molecular syringes in their membranes

Question 2

parenteral route

Answer 2

via surgery, injection, or bite

Question 3

invasins

Answer 3

virulence factor of intracellular pathway

Question 4

proably the easiest and most frequenly traveled portal of entry is

Answer 4

respiratory tract

Question 5

endotoxins are associated with

Answer 5

gram negative pathogens

Question 6

strepokinase breaks down

Answer 6

fibrin (blood clots)

Question 7

fomite

Answer 7

contact -> indirect transmission

Question 8

opa protein

Answer 8

facilitates transcytosis

Question 9

exotoxins fall into ____ categories

Answer 9

5

Question 10

following attachment, many bacteria can secrete protein toxins called

Answer 10

exotoxins; that subvert host function

Question 11

toxin structure

Answer 11

many have two subunit structure; called AB toxins

Question 12

____ subunit binds host; ____ unit contains toxic activity

Answer 12

B;
A

Question 13

cell membrane disruptor

Answer 13

cause leakage of cell constituents;
hemolysins and leukocidins

Question 14

protein synthesis disruptors

Answer 14

target eukaryotic ribsomes;
diptheria and shiga toxins

Question 15

second messenger pathway disruptors

Answer 15

alter ion transport and fluid movement;
cholera toxin

Question 16

superantigens

Answer 16

over-stimulate immune system; excess cytokines

Question 17

proteases

Answer 17

cleaves specific host proteins;
tetanus toxin

Question 18

endotoxins are

Answer 18

the lipid portion of the LPS layer of gram-negative bacteria

Question 19

when are endotoxins released

Answer 19

when the cells die and lyse

Question 20

endotoxins exert effect by

Answer 20

stimulating macrophages to release toxic levels of cytokines

Question 21

endotoxins can also activate _______ and induce ________

Answer 21

blood clotting proteins;
fever

Question 22

endotoxic shock is

Answer 22

a drastic drop in blood pressure

Question 23

sepsis describes

Answer 23

the cytokines entering your blood

Question 24

if cytokines lead to vasoactive factors

Answer 24

fluid loss -> decreased blood volume -> lower blood pressure -> shock and death

Question 25

if cytokines cause clotting factors

Answer 25

they go to capillaries and cause tissue death

Question 26

if cytokines stimulate IL-2

Answer 26

it causes fever

Question 27

intracellular pathogens do what

Answer 27

invade host cells

Question 28

there are ______ types of intracellular pathogens

Answer 28

obligate: rickettsia
facultative: shigella, salmonella

Question 29

“molecular syringes” in their membranes

Answer 29

attach and deliver proteins to the host cell: called invasins

Question 30

actin binds to cell, then

Answer 30

polymerizes propelling bacterium through the cell cytoplasm

Question 31

surviving within the host

Answer 31

cell ingests pathogens in a phagosome

Question 32

protein A is a….

Answer 32

virulence factor; it binds the antibody

Question 33

survival outside the cell: some pathogens make proteins to

Answer 33

bind or degrade antibodies

Question 34

survival outside cell: complement and antibodies can

Answer 34

bind pathogens; some secrete a thick capsule; capsules cover surface proteins used for recognition/ attachment by host

Question 35

survival outside cell: some pathogens cause ____ of phagocytes, others can alter _______

Answer 35

apoptosis;
surface antigens -> phase variation