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MicroBiology > Ch 23 > Flashcards

Ch 23 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

mutualistic microbe

A

mutually beenficial

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2
Q

commensalistic microbe

A

no harm, no benefit to microbe
beneficial to member

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3
Q

parasitic microbe

A

beneficial to microbe
harmful to member

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4
Q

opportunistic pathogen

A

typically benign but become pathogenic in immunocompromised host

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5
Q

defensins

A

small antimicrobial cationic peptides produced by many human cells; destroy invader’s cell membrane

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6
Q

pathogens possess MAMPs or

A

microbial associated molecular patterns

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7
Q

MAMPs are

A

unique structures that immediately tag them as foreign

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8
Q

external MAMPs recognized by

A

toll like receptors on various cells

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9
Q

cytoplasmic MAMPs

A

NOD like receptors

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10
Q

once bound, TLR/NOD trigger

A

an intracellular cascade

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11
Q

the intracellular cascade induces the host cell to release

A

cytokines which activate immune cells

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12
Q

The second line of defense is derived from

A

BLOOD

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13
Q

blood is broken into

A

plasma and formed elements

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14
Q

erythrocytes refer to

A

RBC

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15
Q

leukocytes refer to

A

WBC

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16
Q

platelets definition

A

cell fragments

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17
Q

granulocytes include

A

neutrophils
basophils
eosinophils

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18
Q

agranulocytes include

A

monocytes -> macrophages
dendritic cells
lymphocytes - NK cells, T & B cells

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19
Q

neutrophils properties

A

phagocytic; active in initial stages of infection
can exit blood and enter infected tissue
70% of cells

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20
Q

basophils properties

A

release components promoting inflammatory and allergic responses (histamine)
1%

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21
Q

eosinophils properties

A

phagocytic and exit blood;
release toxins
also deal with large multicellular pathogens
3-5%

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22
Q

all agranulytic leokocytes make up _____ percent

A

25%

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23
Q

monocytes properties

A

differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells in lymphatic tissue
phagocytic cell types
are also antigen presenting cells

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24
Q

lymphocyte properties

A

natural killer cells: kill infected body cells and some tumor cells; recognize abnormalities in plasma membrane

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25
Q

T cells

A

modulate specific immune response
intracellular pathogens

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26
Q

B cells

A

produce antibodies to bind to antigen
extracellular pathogens

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27
Q

natural killer cells

A

destroy host cells that are infected and cancerous; those that lack MHC 1 self-antigens

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28
Q

binding of NK cells to target

A

stimulates secretion of perforins; inserts in membrane of target cell causing lysis

29
Q

also release granzymes

A

induce apoptosis in target cell

30
Q

MHC stands for

A

major histocompatibility complex;
self antigens; collection of genes that encode for a genetically diverse number of glycoproteins

31
Q

MHC class 2

A

macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells
antigen presenting cells

32
Q

MHC class 1

A

all other cells that are not class 2 are type 1
nucleated mammalian cells

33
Q

lymphatic system

A

lymphoid tissues/organs present throughout body
-spleen, tonsils, small intestine
-protect against inhaled, ingested microbes
-contain T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, macrophages

34
Q

peyer’s patches are created by

A

Gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) of the GI tract;
contain specialized M cells take up microbes from the intestine and release on the other side for macrophages

35
Q

innate immunity properties

A

inborn; always present; nonspecific

36
Q

neutrophils and monocytes migrate to ______

A

the site of infection

37
Q

monocytes differentiate into _________ macrophages

A

free and wandering

38
Q

neutrophils/ other granulocytes dominate ________, and macrophages predominate _____

A

early stages of infection
later

39
Q

phagocytosis steps

A

chemotaxis
adherence
ingestion
digestion

40
Q

chemotactic chemicals are

A

microbial products, components of damaged tissue, cytokines

41
Q

adherence occurs via

A

PAMPs to toll-like receptors
-release of cytokines

42
Q

ingestion

A

phagosome formation

43
Q

digestion

A

phagosome;lysosome fusion
enzymatic digestion and production of oxygen radical and peroxides

44
Q

phagocytosis is enhanced by ______

A

opsonization - a combination of innate and adaptive immune responses (activated via complement/antibodies)

45
Q

with opsonins

A

engulfment of capsulated bacteria via anti-capsular antibodies
phagocytic cells recognize and ingest bacteria

46
Q

antigen-presenting cells (APC) do what

A

show antigen to cells of the immune system (T helper cells); binding between cells -> release of cytokines; activation of antigen presenting cells

47
Q

the antigen is shown via

A

MHC class 2 receptor

48
Q

inflammation provides a way for the body’s phagocytic cells to

A

gain access to infected sites called extravasation

49
Q

inflammation is triggered by

A

introduction of microbes into body

50
Q

resident macrophages do what

A

phagocytose bacteria & release chemoattractant & other cytokines

51
Q

vasoactive factors do what

A

increase vascular permeability and vasodilation (to slow blood flow in are and thus increase blood volume) allows entry of phagocytic cells to site.

52
Q

inflammation response leads to the release of ____

A

cytokines (secreted proteins that bind to cells of the immune system, regulating responses)

53
Q

inflammation response cascade

A

long af

54
Q

complement cascade relies on

A

soluble protein factors in the blood to attack bacterial pathogens

55
Q

effects of complement are

A

opsonization
inflammation
cytolysis

56
Q

opsonization is activated

A

C3b proteins bind microbe; phagocyte binds to C3b-> enhances phagocytosis

57
Q

inflammation complement

A

C3a & C5abind mast cells; cause release of histamine, kinins, etc. C5a also acts as chemoattractant for phagocytes

58
Q

cytolysis complement

A

C5b promotes formation of a complement protein complex that inserts in the plasma membrane of a microbe - forma membrane attack complex - channel form in microbe causing lysis - gram negatives are more susceptible

59
Q

interferons are

A

cytokines that interfere with viral replication; produced in response to infection; action is host-specific, not virus - specific

60
Q
A
61
Q

two classes of interferons:

A

type 1 and type 2

62
Q

type 1 interferons

A

high antiviral potency; bind receptor on uninfected host cell; renders them resistant to viral infection

63
Q

type 2 interferons

A

activates neutrophils and macrophages; increases MHC antigens on their surface

64
Q

interferon properties

A

not long acting; not very stable; toxic in high doses
effective in acute viral infection; cannot help virus-infected cells

65
Q

fever

A

the hypothalamus: body’s thermostat; regulates body temp

66
Q

pyrogens are

A

substances that cause fever, a natural induced rise in the body temperature setpoint

67
Q

exogenous pyrogens are

A

outside the body (bacteria, viruses, others)

68
Q

endogenous pyrogens

A

act on the hypothalamus, raising the temperature set point

69
Q
A

MicroBiology (16 decks)

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