Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

MicroBiology > Ch 23 > Flashcards

Ch 23 Flashcards

1
Q

mutualistic microbe

A

mutually beenficial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

commensalistic microbe

A

no harm, no benefit to microbe
beneficial to member

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

parasitic microbe

A

beneficial to microbe
harmful to member

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

opportunistic pathogen

A

typically benign but become pathogenic in immunocompromised host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

defensins

A

small antimicrobial cationic peptides produced by many human cells; destroy invader’s cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

pathogens possess MAMPs or

A

microbial associated molecular patterns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

MAMPs are

A

unique structures that immediately tag them as foreign

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

external MAMPs recognized by

A

toll like receptors on various cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

cytoplasmic MAMPs

A

NOD like receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

once bound, TLR/NOD trigger

A

an intracellular cascade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

the intracellular cascade induces the host cell to release

A

cytokines which activate immune cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The second line of defense is derived from

A

BLOOD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

blood is broken into

A

plasma and formed elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

erythrocytes refer to

A

RBC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

leukocytes refer to

A

WBC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

platelets definition

A

cell fragments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

granulocytes include

A

neutrophils
basophils
eosinophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

agranulocytes include

A

monocytes -> macrophages
dendritic cells
lymphocytes - NK cells, T & B cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

neutrophils properties

A

phagocytic; active in initial stages of infection
can exit blood and enter infected tissue
70% of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

basophils properties

A

release components promoting inflammatory and allergic responses (histamine)
1%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

eosinophils properties

A

phagocytic and exit blood;
release toxins
also deal with large multicellular pathogens
3-5%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

all agranulytic leokocytes make up _____ percent

A

25%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

monocytes properties

A

differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells in lymphatic tissue
phagocytic cell types
are also antigen presenting cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

lymphocyte properties

A

natural killer cells: kill infected body cells and some tumor cells; recognize abnormalities in plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
T cells
modulate specific immune response intracellular pathogens
26
B cells
produce antibodies to bind to antigen extracellular pathogens
27
natural killer cells
destroy host cells that are infected and cancerous; those that lack MHC 1 self-antigens
28
binding of NK cells to target
stimulates secretion of perforins; inserts in membrane of target cell causing lysis
29
also release granzymes
induce apoptosis in target cell
30
MHC stands for
major histocompatibility complex; self antigens; collection of genes that encode for a genetically diverse number of glycoproteins
31
MHC class 2
macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells antigen presenting cells
32
MHC class 1
all other cells that are not class 2 are type 1 nucleated mammalian cells
33
lymphatic system
lymphoid tissues/organs present throughout body -spleen, tonsils, small intestine -protect against inhaled, ingested microbes -contain T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, macrophages
34
peyer's patches are created by
Gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) of the GI tract; contain specialized M cells take up microbes from the intestine and release on the other side for macrophages
35
innate immunity properties
inborn; always present; nonspecific
36
neutrophils and monocytes migrate to ______
the site of infection
37
monocytes differentiate into _________ macrophages
free and wandering
38
neutrophils/ other granulocytes dominate ________, and macrophages predominate _____
early stages of infection later
39
phagocytosis steps
chemotaxis adherence ingestion digestion
40
chemotactic chemicals are
microbial products, components of damaged tissue, cytokines
41
adherence occurs via
PAMPs to toll-like receptors -release of cytokines
42
ingestion
phagosome formation
43
digestion
phagosome;lysosome fusion enzymatic digestion and production of oxygen radical and peroxides
44
phagocytosis is enhanced by ______
opsonization - a combination of innate and adaptive immune responses (activated via complement/antibodies)
45
with opsonins
engulfment of capsulated bacteria via anti-capsular antibodies phagocytic cells recognize and ingest bacteria
46
antigen-presenting cells (APC) do what
show antigen to cells of the immune system (T helper cells); binding between cells -> release of cytokines; activation of antigen presenting cells
47
the antigen is shown via
MHC class 2 receptor
48
inflammation provides a way for the body's phagocytic cells to
gain access to infected sites called extravasation
49
inflammation is triggered by
introduction of microbes into body
50
resident macrophages do what
phagocytose bacteria & release chemoattractant & other cytokines
51
vasoactive factors do what
increase vascular permeability and vasodilation (to slow blood flow in are and thus increase blood volume) allows entry of phagocytic cells to site.
52
inflammation response leads to the release of ____
cytokines (secreted proteins that bind to cells of the immune system, regulating responses)
53
inflammation response cascade
long af
54
complement cascade relies on
soluble protein factors in the blood to attack bacterial pathogens
55
effects of complement are
opsonization inflammation cytolysis
56
opsonization is activated
C3b proteins bind microbe; phagocyte binds to C3b-> enhances phagocytosis
57
inflammation complement
C3a & C5abind mast cells; cause release of histamine, kinins, etc. C5a also acts as chemoattractant for phagocytes
58
cytolysis complement
C5b promotes formation of a complement protein complex that inserts in the plasma membrane of a microbe - forma membrane attack complex - channel form in microbe causing lysis - gram negatives are more susceptible
59
interferons are
cytokines that interfere with viral replication; produced in response to infection; action is host-specific, not virus - specific
60
61
two classes of interferons:
type 1 and type 2
62
type 1 interferons
high antiviral potency; bind receptor on uninfected host cell; renders them resistant to viral infection
63
type 2 interferons
activates neutrophils and macrophages; increases MHC antigens on their surface
64
interferon properties
not long acting; not very stable; toxic in high doses effective in acute viral infection; cannot help virus-infected cells
65
fever
the hypothalamus: body's thermostat; regulates body temp
66
pyrogens are
substances that cause fever, a natural induced rise in the body temperature setpoint
67
exogenous pyrogens are
outside the body (bacteria, viruses, others)
68
endogenous pyrogens
act on the hypothalamus, raising the temperature set point
69

MicroBiology (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions