Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MicroBiology > Ch 4 > Flashcards

Ch 4 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

essential nutrients definition

A

cannot be synthesized and must be supplied, otherwise growth ceases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Required micronutrients

A

Co, Cu, Ni, Mn, Mo, Zn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Required macronutrients

A

CHONPS
C:
Carbon
Proteins; nucleic acids
phospholipids
methionine \, cysteine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

autotrophs turn _____ into _____ while heterotrophs perform the reverse reaction

A

Carbon dioxide; complex organic carbon source

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

C in CHONPS

A

carbon skeleton, form of carbon: CO2 or more complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

N in CHONPS

A

Nitrogen;
proteins, nucleic acids
form: NH4, NO3, NO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

P in CHONPS

A

Phosphorous
nucleic acids, phospholipids;
form: PO3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

S in CHONPS

A

sulfur
methionine, cysteine
form: SO4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

cations as required macronutrients

A

K+, Mg2+, Fe2+, Ca2+, serve as cofactors or signaling molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

growth factors

A

vitamins, amino acids, blood, serum, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

nutrients ______ microbial growth

A

limit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

nutritional types

A

Prototroph: wild type
Auxotroph: deficient in a metabolic pathway; eg alanine auxotroph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

auto/hetero prefixes indicate _____ source

A

carbon;
CO2 or more complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

photo/chemo prefixes indicate ______ source

A

energy;
light or non-light driven oxidations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

litho/organo indicate ______ source

A

electrons;
inorganic or organic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

macro and micro nutrients are combined to form a

A

growth medium

the sources of nutrients defines the type of medium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

complex media

A

possesses many pre-formed, nutrients that cells can readily assimilate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

from where are nutrients and growth factors provided in complex media

A

nutrients: primary protein source - beef, casein, soy protein, etc.
growth factors: yeast extract, beef extract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

defined media

A

chemical composition is known; cells must synthesize all required molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what medium does a fastidious bacteria require

A

defined medium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

enrichment culture

A

provide conditions to enhance the growth of specific bacterial types; often these may be present at low numbers in an environmental sample

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

selective media

A

contains chemical components that inhibit certain bacteria, favors the growth of others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

purpose of liquid medium

A

-growth studies
-biochemical analysis
-harvest cells for DNA
-protein isolation

24
Q

purpose of solid medium

A

-formation of colonies

25
Q

what purpose does agar serve in media

A

it solidifies a liquid medium into a solid

26
Q

differential media

A

can visualize metabolic differences between bacterial types

27
Q

bacteria grow in length & mass and divide via

A

binary fission

28
Q

at different times species can exhibit _______ growth rates

A

a continuum; from non-growth to rapid rates of increase

29
Q

generation time definition

A

length of time for a cell to divide; same as doubling time

30
Q

formula for population size (N)

A

Nt = No x 2^n
n: # cells after n generations

31
Q

the rate of exponential growth is expressed as the

A

growth rate constant (k)

32
Q

stages of bacterial growth in batch culture

A

-lag
-log
-stationary
-death

33
Q

what occurs during the lag phase

A

-no growth
-acclimation to surroundings
-turn on/off different genes
-synthesis

34
Q

what factors affect lag phase

A

-inoculum age and size
-media composition
-physical factors

35
Q

what occurs during log phase

A

-rapid growth
-most metabolically active state
-cell size increases

36
Q

what marks late log phase?

A

slowing in growth of batch

37
Q

what occurs during stationary phase

A

-cell size decreases
-stress response
-nutrients limited
-growth rate=death rate

38
Q

what occurs during death phase

A

-exponential decline in cell numbers
-lack of nutrients/pH changes

39
Q

dormancy/persistence definition

A

growth arrested cells that remain viable; maintain membrane potential to provide energy

40
Q

fed-batch culture definition

A

batch is fed additional nutrients at mid-log phase; results in further growth

41
Q

where in controlled growth of a batch achieved?

A

in a bioreactor

42
Q

specialized surface-attached communities formed by bacteria are called

A

biofilms

43
Q

biofilm formation occurs in stages via ____

A

chemical/environmental signals

44
Q

initiation stage

A

planktonic cells (free swimming)

45
Q

attachment stage

A

fimbriae;
“swimmers” -> “stickers”

46
Q

maturation stage

A

exopolysaccharide formation

47
Q

maintenance stage

A

2D -> 3D growth;
biofilm towers

48
Q

dissolution stage

A

breakdown; triggered by starvation;
sticker -> swimmer

49
Q

cellular communication / quorum sensing triggers

A

formation of exopolysaccharide from the microcolony forming an ECM of entrapped organic and inorganic molecules

50
Q

endospore formation is a response to

A

environmental stress

51
Q

what are the types of endospore formers

A

bacillus: aerobic
clostridium: obligate anaerobes

52
Q

spores are highly resistant to

A

chemicals, heat, radiation;
will germinate under favorable conditions

53
Q

sporulation is an

A

8 hour genetic program directing an asymmetrical division process forming a spore

54
Q

compartments formed during sporulation are

A

unequal: mother cell and forespore

55
Q

the coat formed during sporulation is

A

a thick spore coat containing peptidoglycan

56
Q
A

MicroBiology (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions