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MicroBiology > Ch 13 > Flashcards

Ch 13 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

catabolism involves

A

breakdown of organic compounds to derive energy

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2
Q

catabolic classes

A

-fermentation
-respiration
-photoheterotrophy

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3
Q

fermentation is an ________ ___________ of organic nutrients

A

incomplete oxidation

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4
Q

respiration couples oxidation of organic food source with _______

A

electron transfer to a terminal electron acceptor

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5
Q

is fermentation aerobic or anaerobic

A

anaerobic

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6
Q

is respiration aerobic or anaerobic

A

both

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7
Q

photohererotrophy uses __________ to facilitate the catabolism

A

light energy

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8
Q

which substrate can be utilized for catabolism

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, aromatic compounds

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9
Q

in autotrophy, _____ is used for energy

A

CO2

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10
Q

respiration: maintain ______ to maintain ______ to maintain ________

A

electron flow;
proton gradient;
ATP production

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11
Q

delta G informs whether a process

A

requires or releases energy

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12
Q
  • delta G indicates
A

an exergonic, energy releasing, catabolic reaction

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13
Q

formula for delta G

A

dG = dH - TdS

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14
Q

factors contributing to dG

A

-additivity of energy change
-concentration gradients
-concentrations of reactants and products

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15
Q

what is usually the link between anabolism and catabolism

A

ATP

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16
Q

is ATP hydrolysis energy-releasing or energy-requiring

A

energy-releasing

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17
Q

________ accompanies all energy transfer processes

A

heat loss

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18
Q

when is ATP used in metabolism

A

hydrolysis
phosphorylation

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19
Q

how is NAD/NADH used in biochemical reactions

A

electron carrier

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20
Q

to create ATP, ADP is _____

A

phosphorylated

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21
Q

three mechanisms of phosphorylation

A

-substrate level (ferm, resp)
-oxidative (resp)
- photophosphorylation (photosynthesis)

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22
Q

oxidative and photo phosphorylation requires

A

electron transfer chain and utilizes process of chemiosmosis to form ATPs
-involves use of proton gradient & ATP synthesis
-photophosphorylation driven by light

23
Q
A
24
Q

glycolysis is also called

A

the embden-meyerhof pathway

25
Q

glycolysis is the oxidation of

A

glucose to pyruvic acid
-usually the first stage in carbohydrate catabolism

26
Q

glycolysis attains its ATP via

A

-substrate level phosphorylation
-it is an anaerobic process

27
Q

net gain of glycolysis

A

2 ATP and 2 NADH

28
Q

what pathways can bacteria use to catabolize glucose (convert glucose to pyruvate)

A

-glycolysis
-entner-doudoroff
-pentose-phosphate

29
Q

entner-dodoroff pathway properties

A

-sugar acids catabolism
-in certain gram negatives
-aldose sugar (like glucose)

30
Q

E-D pathway products

A

2 pyruvate
ATP
NADH
NADPH

31
Q

pentose-phosphate shunt properties

A

produce pentose sugars used for biosynthesis of
-aromatic AA
-nucletides
-can also form pyruvate

32
Q

PPS yield

A

ATP
2 NADPH

33
Q
A
34
Q

fermentation reactions regenerate _____ needed for glycolysis to produce ATP

A

NAD+

35
Q

what kinds of fermentation can be performed with pyruvic acid

A

lactic acid fermentation
ethanol fermentation

36
Q

glucose catabolism is not complete until

A

NADHs are recycled

37
Q

when does fermentation reactions oxidize NADH to small organic acids & alcohols

A

in the absence of a terminal electron acceptor

38
Q

organisms that use lactic acid fermentation

A

streptococcus
lactobacillus

39
Q

organisms that use alcohol fermentation

A

yeasts and many bacteria

40
Q

Tricarboxylic acid cycle function

A

In the prescence of O2 or other terminal electron acceptors, pyruvate can be catabolized to CO2 & water via the TCA or Krebs cycle

41
Q

TCA properties

A

-pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl-CoA
-oxidation of glucose complete

42
Q

TCA: energy per 1 acetyl-CoA

A

3 NADH
1 FADH2
1 ATP

43
Q

TCA: energy per glucose

A

6 NADH
2 FADH2
2 ATP

44
Q

TCA intermediates are used for

A

biosynthetic processes

45
Q

glucose respiration (aerobic) formula

A

C6H12O6 +6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O

46
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

-process of electron transport & ATP formation
-relies on formation of H+ gradient and ATP synthase

47
Q

how many ATPS are produced by oxidative phorphorylation

A

34 ATPs

48
Q

fun facts about aromatic compounds

A

they are difficult to degrade due to stability of benzene ring; are catabolized slowly and can occur aerobically or anaerobically

49
Q

aromatic catabolism is carried out by these two species

A

pseudomonas and rhodoccus

50
Q

where do end products of this aromatic catabolic pathway go

A

to the TCA cycle

51
Q

what chemicals have central roles in aromatic catabolism

A

benzoate and catechol

52
Q

many aromatic pathways exist on

A

plasmids in bacteria

53
Q

dioxygenase enzymes add _____ atoms to the benzene ring in catechol

A

oxygen;
subsequent ring cleavage facilitates catabolism of the molecule

MicroBiology (16 decks)

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