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exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the four types of shock

A

hypovolemic, cardiogenic, obstructive, maldistributive

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2
Q

what is the first sign of shock

A

increased heartrate

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3
Q

what makes offloading of oxygen to tissues easier

A

acidosis in the tissues, increase in 2, 3 DPG

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4
Q

what is the range for daily fluid requirements

A

40-60 ml/kg/day

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5
Q

how do we calculate hydration deficits

A

body weight * % dehydration in decimal form = dehydration in liters

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6
Q

when do we not give oral fluids

A

GI dysfunction

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7
Q

what can we not give SQ fluid wise

A

hypertonic solutions

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8
Q

what is our fluid choice for replacement

A

isotonic crystalloid

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9
Q

what is our fluid choice for maintenance

A

hypotonic crystal

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10
Q

when do we give colloids

A

hypoalbuminemia

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11
Q

how quickly do we administer fluid in acute situations

A

6-8 hours

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12
Q

what is the formula for transfusion amounts

A

BW * amount of blood (%) * (desired PCV - current PCV) / PCV of Donor

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13
Q

how much blood can you take from a donor

A

25% of their total estimated blood volume BW * .08 * .25

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14
Q

what type of anemia is caused by anaplasma

A

extravascular hemolysis

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15
Q

when are blood transfusions recommended in large animal? In small animal?

A

<18% acutely
<12% chronically
clinical signs

< 15% in SA

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16
Q

what are the signs of red maple toxicity

A

weakness, methemoglobinemia, normal PCV, intravascular hemolysis

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17
Q

how much blood can a horse lose and live

A

1/3 of their total blood BW * 8%

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18
Q

when do you do blood transfusions in dogs and cats

A

if PCV <15% in chronic cases

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19
Q

how do you tell the difference between infectious anemia and IMHA

A

infectious causes thrombocytopenia which is not seen in IMHA

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20
Q

signs of IMHA and infectious anemia

A

lethargy, anorexia, fever, icterus, splenomegly

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21
Q

what are treatments for IMHA

A

transfusion, prednisone, +- other immune suppressants ( azathioprine, myco, cyclosporine)

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22
Q

what do we need to remember about cyclosporine

A

no vegetable oil versions

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23
Q

most common secondary causes of IMHA in dogs

A

babesia and blasto

24
Q

most common secondary causes of IMHA in cats

A

mycoplasma and FeLV

25
what does iron deficiency look like
microcytic, hypochromic, lots of fragmentation, nonregenerative
26
when do we treat chronic kidney disease that is causing anemia of chronic disease. how do we treat
only with severe clinical signs and PCV is really low, exogenous erythropoietin darbepoietin
27
what does anemia of chronic disease look like
mildly low PCV with all the cells are normal looking and normal sized.
28
what is the treatment for oxidative hemolysis
N-acetylcysteine IV to reduce oxidative damage, remove toxin, charcoal
29
what would blood work from an oxidative patient look like
heinz bodies, eccentrocytes, spherocytes +- methoglobinemia, extravascular hemolysis: splenomegaly, biliruminemia-uria
30
what are our causes of extravascular hemolysis
IMHA, oxidative, infectious
31
what is a good way to tell hemolysis from hemorrhage?
look at total protein levels
32
how does plasma appearance help dictate types of hemolysis
extravascular: icterus intravascular: hemolyzed
33
heinz bodies, regenerative anemia, and ghost cells in cats?
oxidative hemolysis
34
four main categories of thrombocytopenia
SPUD sequestration- -megaly production down- bone marrow or liver utilization- DIC destruction- IMTP
35
if we have an increase PT and PTT what are we thinking
vit K deficiency, DIC liver failure cant produce clotting factors or they are used up
36
what causes severe thrombocytopenia
IMTP
37
treatment for IMTP
doxy, pred, +- vencristine, +- fresh whole blood or packed cells
38
what is the test for vWB dz
BMBT after you measure PTT/PT and look at platelet count
39
gold standard treatment for vWB dz? what else can we do
give cryoprecipitate, or FFP or desmopressin
40
prolonged PTT and normal PT?
hemophilia a/b DIC early stages- check ddimer or fdp
41
treatment for rodenticide tox
vit K SQ injection FFP
42
increased Ddimer, prolonged PTT then PT, schistocytes
DIC
43
who benefits from fresh whole blood
those who need RBC for anemia and the clotting factors and platelets from the plasma.
44
what is a common cause of iron deficiency
chronic hemorrhage, GI hemorrhage look for decreased BUN
45
do red maple tox patients need blood transfusion if their PCV is high?
yes. oxidative damage can cause methemoglobinemia which can't carry oxygen
46
what are bad signs of a transfusion
tachycardia and vomiting. stop transfusion
47
treatment for IMHA
packed cell transfusion and immune suppression.
48
what does liver have an effect on in regards to blood production? what about the kidneys?
thrombopoietin= liver erythropoietin= kidney
49
what are general signs of platelet deficiency vs coag factor deficiency
platelet: multifocal hemorrhage, petechiae, mucosal surface bleeding factor: body cavity bleeding localized
50
bounding pulses vs weak pulses should help us decide what
hemorrhage vs hemolysis hemorrhage should have weak pulses due to loss of blood.
51
what are the four causes of a regurg murmur
physiologic - anemia valve dysplasia- MVD valve annular disease: DCM valvular endocarditis
52
if we have iron deficiency we can rule out (most of the time) what form of anemia
hemolysis because the body would reuse the iron and wouldnt run out
53
what is the most supportive finding for regeneration in a blood smear (SA)
polychromasia
54
when are NRBCs allowed
if there are retics present. if there are no retics then this supports bone or spleen disease
55
what are the four major categories of shock
hypovolemia cardiogenic failure obstructive maldistributive
56
what are the four ways the body tries to compensate for shock
increase vascular tone and reserve water increase CO: inc HR, SV preferentially redistribute blood optimize offloading of blood to tissues
57
what do we never do to cardiogenic shock patients?
give them fluid. this increases the work load on the already struggling heart

breathing and circulating (21 decks)

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