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PSY 314 > exam 4 > Flashcards

exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

People w physically mature facial features such as a broad jaw, narrow eyes and angular face are___ likely to become leaders because ____

A

More; they fit w traditional leadership prototype

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2
Q

Research using the minimal intergroup paradigm has shown that

A

Are likely to exhibit ingroup bias when the groups are defined in an arbitrary fashion

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3
Q

In the study investigating the tangible costs of discrimination, researchers studied the audition techniques and hiring decisions of 11 major orchestras as a function of how applicants were auditioned. They found that

A

Concealed auditions almost doubled the likelihood that female musicians would win the job

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4
Q

The difference between prejudices and stereotypes is that prejudices are ____; whereas stereotypes are ____ about social groups.

A

Generalized attitudes; generalized beliefs

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5
Q

true or false: Prejudice is the belief while discrimination is the behavior

A

true

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6
Q

The advantageous of culturally diverse groups in the workplace include

A

The generation of wider range of solutions

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7
Q

The disadvantages of diverse groups in the workplace include

A

Lack of cohesion

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8
Q

Across the US as a whole, changes over time in the ____ norms have probably led to similar changes in the ____ norms

A

Injunctive; descriptive

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9
Q

what is injunctive

A

Injunctive - the evaluation of things should be done

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10
Q

what is descriptive

A

Descriptive - evaluation of the actual behaviors that are done

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11
Q

Suppose that a white couple and a HIspanic couple are looking for a house. According to research, which of the following is likely to happen?

A

The white couple will be informed of more available houses

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12
Q

_____ - general attitude we have towards and individual for being part of a certain group - positive or negative

A

prejudice

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13
Q

_____ - generalized beliefs about members of social groups - explicit and implicit

A

stereotypes

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14
Q

Mexican americans are family orientated, lower class, and hard-working - is an example of a ______

A

stereotype

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15
Q

A _____ stereotypes is one which you are aware of and willing to report on a survey

A

explicit

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16
Q

A ____ stereotype is a one that you are not aware of and can’t openly report

A

implicit

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17
Q

______- technique researchers use to indirectly assess prejudice - for example measuring reaction time to assess prejudices

A

the implicit association test (IAT)

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18
Q

_____ behaviors directed toward people on the basis on their group membership

A

discrimination

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19
Q

Two identical people by resume but treating them differently solely based on gender - this is an example of ______

A

discrimination

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20
Q

True or false: 50% of women in the US are harassed in academic or workplace; & 70% of women in the US are secually harassed in the military

A

true

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21
Q

In what 2 forms does sexual harassment usually take form in?

A
  1. Quid pro quo harassment
  2. Hostile environment
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22
Q

Form of sexual harassment: _____- perpetrator to exchange something of value (job, good grade) for sexual favors

A

Quid pro quo

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23
Q

Form of sexual harassment: _____ - creatting a professional setting that is sexually offensive, intimadating, or hostile

A

Hostile environment

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24
Q

True or false: sexual harassment is more likely to be penetrated by men who see a strong connection between power and sex AND are placed in a setting where harassing opportunities are available

A

true

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25
Q

True or false: negative prejudices bear large material and psychological burdens

A

true

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26
Q

Women and members of minority groups tend to receive less pay for the same work - this is an example of how _______

A

negative prejudices bear material costs

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27
Q

_____ - the fear that one might confirm the negative stereotypes held by others about one’s group

A

Stereotype threat

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28
Q

_____- holding negative prejudices and stereotypes about one’s group

A

merely knowing

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29
Q

A person of color amongst all white people or one woman amongst all white men - these are examples of _____

A

tokens

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30
Q

True or false: ‘tokens’ have increased self consciousness causing them to be less able to concentrate knot heir tasks and perform well

A

true

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31
Q

Students were answering questions from the GRE, black students only performed worse than white students when race was made a salient factor - this is example of ____

A

Of how stereotype threat can impair one’s performance

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32
Q

Increased arousal, mental load, dejection (sad state), negative thoughts, decreased effort, and decrease working memory capacity - all are effects of ____

A

stereotype threat

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33
Q

_____- to reduce in one’s mind the relevance of a particular domain (ex-academic achievement) to one’s self-esteem

A

Disidentify

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34
Q

_____- to reduce in one’s mind the relevance of a particular domain (ex-academic achievement) to one’s self-esteem

A

Disidentify

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35
Q

True or false: women who use humor as a coping strategy are less likely to perform worse on a difficult math test after negative math stereotypes are made salient because humor decrease anxiety

A

true

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36
Q

True or false: believing you can improve your abilities through additional hard work can apparently reduce damaging consequences of stereotypes

A

true

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37
Q

______- experimental procedures that create artificial groups to explore the foundations of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination

A

minimal intergroup paradigm

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38
Q

What is ingroup bias?

A

Tendency to benefit or prefer member’s of one’s own group over other groups

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39
Q

What is ingroup bias?

A

Tendency to benefit or prefer member’s of one’s own group over other groups

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40
Q

When do people display greater ingroup bias?

A

when members feel loyal to their groups

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41
Q

How does evolutionary perspective tie into ingroup bias?

A

The idea that helping ingroup increases the chances of survival and increases the possibility of passing on one’s genes.

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42
Q

______- proposal that intergroup conflict, and negative prejudices and stereotypes, emerge out of actual competition between groups for desired resources

A

realistic group conflict

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43
Q

When might people display strong negative feelings about immigration - immigrants taking jobs - is an example of what concept ?

A

Realistic group conflict theory

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44
Q

When might people display strong negative feelings about immigration - immigrants taking jobs - is an example of what concept ?

A

Realistic group conflict theory

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45
Q

Different types of threats elicit different types of emotions: physical harm elicits _____; being ripped off elicits _____

A

fear; anger

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46
Q

Similarly, like different threats elicit different emotions, different groups are perceived as different threats - for example straight black males are perceived as ____

A

violent and aggressive

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47
Q

True or false: when feeling threatened by a group stereotypes of the group are heightened

A

true

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48
Q

For example, white Europeans invented black racial inferiority to justify exploitations in Africa, this is in an example of ?

A

Of how negative stereotypes and prejudices emerge from economic conflict

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49
Q

______- extent to which a person desires that his or her own group dominate other groups and be socially and materially superior to them

A

social dominance orientation

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50
Q

Preferring a system where groups are ordered according to their worth - is an example of

A

social dominance orientation

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51
Q

Where do high levels of social dominance orientation come from?

A

Having the belief that your group is being threatened, ESPECIALLY is you highly identity w it

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52
Q

What happens when economic times are rough?

A

Acquiring resources becomes urgent, we favor our ingroup more, and express greater outgroup hostility

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53
Q

Competitive situations create competitive people - this is an example of

A

How situations can change people

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54
Q

Competitive and untrusting people create more competitive and hostile situations - this is example of how

A

people change their situations

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55
Q

When someone is seeking approval of those around them, how may they act?

A

By adjusting their opinions and behaviors to match those around them - even matching their prejudices

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56
Q

________ - seeing religious worship as an opportunity to make friends, gain status, or find support during difficult times

A

extrinsic religioisty

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57
Q

______- hoping to live their religion and internalize its teachings

A

intrinsic religiosity

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58
Q

Individuals who are _____ suggest that they are more negatively prejudice

A

Extrinsic religious

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59
Q

Individuals who are more concerned w social approval than intrinsic values

A

intrinsic religious

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60
Q

______- certainty in the absolute truth of one’s religious belief

A

fundamentalism

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61
Q

_____- when religion is a never-ending personal journey toward truth

A

quest religiosity

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62
Q

______- measured w items that assess how religious - for example frequency of prayers

A

religious devotion

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63
Q

Frequency of attendance at formal religious services is an example of ?

A

Commitment to one’s religion

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64
Q

______- the process of blaming members of other groups for one’s frustrations and failures

A

spacegoating

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65
Q

______- the process of blaming members of other groups for one’s frustrations and failures

A

social identity

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66
Q

People who identify strongly w their groups _____ more when their group has favorable standings and ____ more when their group standings weakens

A

gain more; lose more

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67
Q

Ingroup identification leads to [increase or decrease] discrimination to outgroups?

A

increase

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68
Q

______- tendency to submit to those having greater authority and to denigrate those having less authority

A

authoritarianism

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69
Q

Kissing ass above and kicking ass below & Nazis are examples of what concept?

A

Authoritarianism

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69
Q

Kissing ass above and kicking ass below & Nazis are examples of what concept?

A

Authoritarianism

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70
Q

True or false: people sometimes restore threatened self-esteem by derogating members of negatively stereotypes groups

A

true

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71
Q

When seeking mental efficiency: _____- is the process of categorizing an individual as a member of a particular group and then inferring that he or she possess the characteristics generally held by member of that group

A

stereotyping

72
Q

______- tendency to overestimate the extent to which members of other groups are similar to one another

A

Perceived outgroup homogeneity

73
Q

______- tendency to overestimate the extent to which members of other groups are similar to one another

A

Perceived outgroup homogeneity

74
Q

Failing to appreciate the variety of social features possessed of other racial groups - this is example of

A

Perceived outgroup homogeneity

75
Q

Why do individuals who are in need for structure use stereotypes?

A

Stereotypes facilitate or simplify categorizing others, when someone needs structure they need a idea of what everything is like

76
Q

Who is going to be more motivated to think things thoroughly, happy or sad people?

A

Sad people are more motivated

77
Q

Who is more likely to stereotype, happy or sad people?

A

Happy people because they are less likely to think things thoroughly

78
Q

Emotions w ______ such as _____ reduce the amount of cognitive resources available to us, leading us to be more likely to stereotype

A

Arousal such as anger, fear, and euphoria

79
Q

True or false: when circumstances tax our attention capacity we are more likely to rely on stereotypes

A

true

80
Q

_____ - belief that people discriminate or have prejudices just because “they don’t know any better”

A

ignorance hypothesis

81
Q

_____ - goal based strategy to decrease stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination bc these act serve as important goals

A

The goal based approach

82
Q

What are the 4 ways in which goal based strategy attempts to decrease stereotypes/preju/discri

A
  1. Change features of person
  2. Change situation
  3. Give people alternative easy to satisfy goals
  4. Activate goals that incompatible w held beliefs
83
Q

_____- belief to be fair and just, treat all groups equally

A

Equalitarian values

84
Q

What is a group?

A

2 or more individuals who influence one another

85
Q

What does the mere presence of others do?

A

It psychologically arouses us, increasing our heart rate and quickening our breathing

86
Q

What are dominant responses?

A

Familiar, well-learned behaviors

87
Q

What are dominant responses?

A

Familiar, well-learned behaviors

88
Q

The presence of others arouses us to exhibit dominant responses when skill is _____; but w a _____ the presence of others impairs our responses

A

Skill is masters; new and unmastered skill

89
Q

_____ - the presence of others increases the likelihood of dominant responses, leading to better performances on well-mastered tasks and worse on performance of unmastered tasks

A

Social facilitation

90
Q

_____ - the presence of others increases the likelihood of dominant responses, leading to better performances on well-mastered tasks and worse on performance of unmastered tasks

A

Social facilitation

91
Q

_____ - is when observers are explicitly assessing our performance

A

evaluation apprehension

92
Q

True or false: teenagers are inclined to make risky decisions and even more likely when in a group; unless there is an adult presence

A

true

93
Q

_____- losing one’s sense of personal identity, making it easier to behave in ways that are inconsistent w one’s normal values

A

Deindividuation

94
Q

A way groups deindividuation their members: ____ - anonymous and less accountable

A

Mask identities

95
Q

A way groups deindividuation their members: ____ - anonymous and less accountable

A

Mask identities

96
Q

To counter mask identities what can you do?

A

ask individuals what their name is

97
Q

A way group deindividuation their members: _____ away from their individual selves and personal values

A

Distracting members attention

98
Q

True or false: the behavior of the first group member influences all other members

A

true

99
Q

_____ - systems made up of many interacting elements that changes and evolves over time

A

dynamical systems

100
Q

What is interdependence?

A

Needing one another to reach shred goals

101
Q

What is group identity?

A

Perceiving yourself as a group, sharing a common identity when coming together

102
Q

_____- developing injunctive norms, shared expectations of how a group ought to behave to receive approval and disapproval

A

group structure

103
Q

____ - expectations held by a group for how members in particular positions ought to behave

A

roles

104
Q

_____ - ranking our group members by their power and influence over other members

A

status hierarchy

105
Q

_____- how information flows to members of a group

A

communication network

106
Q

How do centralized networks work?

A

leaders communicate to everyone below all at once

107
Q

_____ - when info flow without having to go through a specific person - chainlike effect

A

Decentralized network

108
Q

_____- strength of the bonds among group members

A

Cohesiveness

109
Q

_____ - caused bc members enjoy being by one another

A

interpersonal cohesiveness

110
Q

_____ - caused because all members are committed to group’s task

A

task cohesiveness

111
Q

True or false: cohesive groups perform better on average than groups who are not cohesive; especially when communication and cooperation are a factor

A

true

112
Q

Basic need to belong, universal human feature, opportunity to express values publicly, help defining ourselves, emotions support - all of these are reason for

A

all reasons to belong to a group

113
Q

In terms of getting things done, why would we want to be in a group?

A

Able to split the work and complete tasks we may not be able to do alone

114
Q

_____ - reducing one’s personal efforts when in a group

A

social loafing

115
Q

When is an individual more likely to loaf?

A

when individual contributions cannot be evaluated

116
Q

Making each member’s contributions identifiable - making tasks personal and meaningful - make it clear that personal effort lead to better group performance - try to increase interpersonal cohesiveness - recruit members who tend toward collectivistic behaviors: these are all ways to ?

A

reduce social loafing

117
Q

Individuals who believe they will ____ on their own are more likely to join a group, especially if they believe the group will help them reach their goals

A

fail

118
Q

In an experiment, they had students perform tasks that were gender specific of the opposite gender. When students believed they would be unable to complete such tasks, what followed?

A

Those individuals that thought they would fail on their own were had increased willingness to work as a group

119
Q

True or false: when interpersonal or societal circumstances become undesirable, making it difficult for individuals to reach their goals, individuals are more likely to join group organizations that will enable them towards success in achieving their goals.

A

true

120
Q

Between collectivistic and individualistic individuals who would breed performance groups and why?

A

Individualistic individual because they are more likely to “group shop” and collectivistic individuals are less likely to leave a group they feel loyal to

121
Q

True or false: individualistic societies are wealthier, more literate, more urban all of which are factors that contribute to the fact that it is easier to join groups

A

true

122
Q

True or false: individualistic societies are wealthier, more literate, more urban all of which are factors that contribute to the fact that it is easier to join groups

A

true

123
Q

True or false: literate residents are more exposed to links, networks of people w common goals

A

true

124
Q

When are groups most productive?

A

It depends, different tasks require different skills

125
Q

Between a homogeneous group and a heterogenous group, who would perform better?

A

At first the homogenous group will outperform the heterogeneous group, however with time the heterogeneous group will outperform the homogenous group.

126
Q

______- mechanism through which groups collectively encode, store, and retrieve knowledge - knowledge held by each individual and communication to share it among one another

A

Transactive memory

127
Q

Why would individuals who have a need to know want to join a group?

A

Because groups and organizations are dedicated to provide info that others are in want of

128
Q

True or false: attitudes and beliefs shift to the majority help opinion

A

true

129
Q

_____ - when group discussion leads members to make decisions that more extremely on the side of that the group initially favored

A

group polarization

130
Q

What is the persuasive argument process?

A

Discussion leads extreme feelings to arise about something the group had already sided with

131
Q

_____ - process where individuals or group’s move toward opposite extremes of continuum of viewpoints or opinions

A

polarization

132
Q

How is modern technology feeding into group polarization?

A

Modern technology platforms such as tik tok show content than individuals already like or agree w

133
Q

_____ - when opinion of minorities persuade others

A

Minority influence

134
Q

_____ - when opinion of minorities persuade others

A

Minority influence

135
Q

Why is minority influence difficult to accomplish?

A
  1. Minorities are less able to exert social pressures on others
  2. W less number of people, seen as less credible
136
Q

Holding steady to their views - once held by the majority - willing to compromise - some support from opposing sides - present as ‘ahead of the curve’ - audience wants to make accurate decisions: all are how ?

A

minorities are most persuasive

137
Q

Why does the jury system exist?

A

Because it is believed that through discussion a group can better shift to find the truth and justice

138
Q

_____ - making group decisions driven more by members’ desires to get along than desires to evaluate potential solutions realistically

A

groupthink

139
Q

More likely to ignore information from outside groups when

A

When individuals are a part of group

140
Q

When the goal is to achieve consensus as a group what happens to the quality of the consensus?

A

The consensus reached is not effective

141
Q

When individuals care about group how will it affect their discussions

A

It will lead to poorer quality of discussions

142
Q

When individuals care about group how will it affect their discussions

A

It will lead to poorer quality of discussions

143
Q

In what conditions did computer mediated discussions lead to good quality discussions and decisions?

A

When there was unlimited time

144
Q

In terms of making quality decisions, should groups meet face to face or communicate via computer?

A

Communicating via computer leads to lower quality decisions, so face to face would be better

145
Q

Why is the main purpose of a leader?

A

to keep everything together

146
Q

Why would someone want to be a leader if it’s more work?

A

Leaders have great rewards, receive greater satisfaction for job well done, and financial and social benefits

147
Q

Logically, who are the individuals who want to become leaders?

A

Individuals who are ambitious, who like exercising power over others or do great things

148
Q

Being ambitious, needs for power, achievement motivation, highly energetic: these are all qualities of those who :

A

want to become leader

149
Q

Why do men, over women, desire to be leaders?

A

Due to the social influences and testosterone levels

150
Q

What are some possible situations that can help someone become a leader?

A

Voids at the top, moments of crisis, and being at the right place at the right time

150
Q

What are some possible situations that can help someone become a leader?

A

Voids at the top, moments of crisis, and being at the right place at the right time

151
Q

Who should get to lead a group?

A

Individual who possess the right characteristics that fit the group’s needs

152
Q

A leader has a “certain look” which is?

A

Mature face: narrow eyes, small chin, angular face, and being tall

153
Q

Do women fit the “certain look” of a leader?

A

No because it is not in accordance to social norms

154
Q

Describe a naive face?

A

Baby face, large eyes, small chin and round face

154
Q

Describe a naive face?

A

Baby face, large eyes, small chin and round face

155
Q

An accountant being able to respond better to task oriented style and college professors prefer to manage themselves these are examples of ?

A

How different styles are equipped for different groups

156
Q

Why must leadership styles change over time?

A

They need to change to remain effective

157
Q

Why must leadership styles change over time?

A

They need to change to remain effective

158
Q

What is the deal with dictatorial and democratic leadership?

A

Dictoral only produces effective results when leaders are present And democratic style had their members productive w or without a leader present

159
Q

____ - leaders that changes the motivations, outlooks, and behaviors of followers, enabling the group to reach its goals better

A

Transformational leaders

159
Q

____ - leaders that changes the motivations, outlooks, and behaviors of followers, enabling the group to reach its goals better

A

Transformational leaders

160
Q

What are the two ways in which leaders can be effective

A
  1. Fit the styles of existing needs
  2. Inspire group toward their goal
161
Q

True or false: we are losing valuable talent because women don’t fit the stereotypical leader position

A

true

162
Q

True or false: we are losing valuable talent because women don’t fit the stereotypical leader position

A

true

163
Q

According to the meta analyses that measures the effectiveness of leadership, what was the difference between men and women?

A

The difference between them is zero

164
Q

Women are more effective in leadership positions ?

A

Viewed are more feminine or that require interpersonal skill

165
Q

Men more effective in leadership positions?

A

That are viewed as masculine or hard nosed orientation

166
Q

_____ - we all are encouraged to behave in ways that are congruent w culturally defined gender roles

A

social rule theory

167
Q

True or false: women tend to be more transformational than men

A

true

168
Q

The text describes discrimination as:

A

Behaviors directed toward people on the basis of their group membership

169
Q

An individual believes that European Americans are achievement-oriented and racist.

A

stereotypes

170
Q

The notion of “stereotype threat” is discussed in the text w relation to findings that

A

Black students do worse on questions the GRE if their race is made salient

171
Q

In group bias is

A

A cross-cultural feature of human social life

172
Q

People w physically mature facial features such as a broad jaw, narrow eyes and angular face are ____ likely to become leaders because

A

More; they fit w the traditional leadership prototype

173
Q

_____ - discriminatory treatment of an individual or group of individuals by society or an institutions

A

Institutional discrimination

174
Q

_____ - method for investigating the minimal conditions required for discrimination to occur between

A

minimal group paradigm

175
Q

What is social identity theory?

A

Individual’s self-concept derived from perceived membership of certain group

PSY 314 (10 decks)

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