exam 4 Flashcards
People w physically mature facial features such as a broad jaw, narrow eyes and angular face are___ likely to become leaders because ____
More; they fit w traditional leadership prototype
Research using the minimal intergroup paradigm has shown that
Are likely to exhibit ingroup bias when the groups are defined in an arbitrary fashion
In the study investigating the tangible costs of discrimination, researchers studied the audition techniques and hiring decisions of 11 major orchestras as a function of how applicants were auditioned. They found that
Concealed auditions almost doubled the likelihood that female musicians would win the job
The difference between prejudices and stereotypes is that prejudices are ____; whereas stereotypes are ____ about social groups.
Generalized attitudes; generalized beliefs
true or false: Prejudice is the belief while discrimination is the behavior
true
The advantageous of culturally diverse groups in the workplace include
The generation of wider range of solutions
The disadvantages of diverse groups in the workplace include
Lack of cohesion
Across the US as a whole, changes over time in the ____ norms have probably led to similar changes in the ____ norms
Injunctive; descriptive
what is injunctive
Injunctive - the evaluation of things should be done
what is descriptive
Descriptive - evaluation of the actual behaviors that are done
Suppose that a white couple and a HIspanic couple are looking for a house. According to research, which of the following is likely to happen?
The white couple will be informed of more available houses
_____ - general attitude we have towards and individual for being part of a certain group - positive or negative
prejudice
_____ - generalized beliefs about members of social groups - explicit and implicit
stereotypes
Mexican americans are family orientated, lower class, and hard-working - is an example of a ______
stereotype
A _____ stereotypes is one which you are aware of and willing to report on a survey
explicit
A ____ stereotype is a one that you are not aware of and can’t openly report
implicit
______- technique researchers use to indirectly assess prejudice - for example measuring reaction time to assess prejudices
the implicit association test (IAT)
_____ behaviors directed toward people on the basis on their group membership
discrimination
Two identical people by resume but treating them differently solely based on gender - this is an example of ______
discrimination
True or false: 50% of women in the US are harassed in academic or workplace; & 70% of women in the US are secually harassed in the military
true
In what 2 forms does sexual harassment usually take form in?
- Quid pro quo harassment
- Hostile environment
Form of sexual harassment: _____- perpetrator to exchange something of value (job, good grade) for sexual favors
Quid pro quo
Form of sexual harassment: _____ - creatting a professional setting that is sexually offensive, intimadating, or hostile
Hostile environment
True or false: sexual harassment is more likely to be penetrated by men who see a strong connection between power and sex AND are placed in a setting where harassing opportunities are available
true
True or false: negative prejudices bear large material and psychological burdens
true
Women and members of minority groups tend to receive less pay for the same work - this is an example of how _______
negative prejudices bear material costs
_____ - the fear that one might confirm the negative stereotypes held by others about one’s group
Stereotype threat
_____- holding negative prejudices and stereotypes about one’s group
merely knowing
A person of color amongst all white people or one woman amongst all white men - these are examples of _____
tokens
True or false: ‘tokens’ have increased self consciousness causing them to be less able to concentrate knot heir tasks and perform well
true
Students were answering questions from the GRE, black students only performed worse than white students when race was made a salient factor - this is example of ____
Of how stereotype threat can impair one’s performance
Increased arousal, mental load, dejection (sad state), negative thoughts, decreased effort, and decrease working memory capacity - all are effects of ____
stereotype threat
_____- to reduce in one’s mind the relevance of a particular domain (ex-academic achievement) to one’s self-esteem
Disidentify
_____- to reduce in one’s mind the relevance of a particular domain (ex-academic achievement) to one’s self-esteem
Disidentify
True or false: women who use humor as a coping strategy are less likely to perform worse on a difficult math test after negative math stereotypes are made salient because humor decrease anxiety
true
True or false: believing you can improve your abilities through additional hard work can apparently reduce damaging consequences of stereotypes
true
______- experimental procedures that create artificial groups to explore the foundations of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination
minimal intergroup paradigm
What is ingroup bias?
Tendency to benefit or prefer member’s of one’s own group over other groups
What is ingroup bias?
Tendency to benefit or prefer member’s of one’s own group over other groups
When do people display greater ingroup bias?
when members feel loyal to their groups
How does evolutionary perspective tie into ingroup bias?
The idea that helping ingroup increases the chances of survival and increases the possibility of passing on one’s genes.
______- proposal that intergroup conflict, and negative prejudices and stereotypes, emerge out of actual competition between groups for desired resources
realistic group conflict
When might people display strong negative feelings about immigration - immigrants taking jobs - is an example of what concept ?
Realistic group conflict theory
When might people display strong negative feelings about immigration - immigrants taking jobs - is an example of what concept ?
Realistic group conflict theory
Different types of threats elicit different types of emotions: physical harm elicits _____; being ripped off elicits _____
fear; anger
Similarly, like different threats elicit different emotions, different groups are perceived as different threats - for example straight black males are perceived as ____
violent and aggressive
True or false: when feeling threatened by a group stereotypes of the group are heightened
true
For example, white Europeans invented black racial inferiority to justify exploitations in Africa, this is in an example of ?
Of how negative stereotypes and prejudices emerge from economic conflict
______- extent to which a person desires that his or her own group dominate other groups and be socially and materially superior to them
social dominance orientation
Preferring a system where groups are ordered according to their worth - is an example of
social dominance orientation
Where do high levels of social dominance orientation come from?
Having the belief that your group is being threatened, ESPECIALLY is you highly identity w it
What happens when economic times are rough?
Acquiring resources becomes urgent, we favor our ingroup more, and express greater outgroup hostility
Competitive situations create competitive people - this is an example of
How situations can change people
Competitive and untrusting people create more competitive and hostile situations - this is example of how
people change their situations
When someone is seeking approval of those around them, how may they act?
By adjusting their opinions and behaviors to match those around them - even matching their prejudices
________ - seeing religious worship as an opportunity to make friends, gain status, or find support during difficult times
extrinsic religioisty
______- hoping to live their religion and internalize its teachings
intrinsic religiosity
Individuals who are _____ suggest that they are more negatively prejudice
Extrinsic religious
Individuals who are more concerned w social approval than intrinsic values
intrinsic religious
______- certainty in the absolute truth of one’s religious belief
fundamentalism
_____- when religion is a never-ending personal journey toward truth
quest religiosity
______- measured w items that assess how religious - for example frequency of prayers
religious devotion
Frequency of attendance at formal religious services is an example of ?
Commitment to one’s religion
______- the process of blaming members of other groups for one’s frustrations and failures
spacegoating
______- the process of blaming members of other groups for one’s frustrations and failures
social identity
People who identify strongly w their groups _____ more when their group has favorable standings and ____ more when their group standings weakens
gain more; lose more
Ingroup identification leads to [increase or decrease] discrimination to outgroups?
increase
______- tendency to submit to those having greater authority and to denigrate those having less authority
authoritarianism
Kissing ass above and kicking ass below & Nazis are examples of what concept?
Authoritarianism
Kissing ass above and kicking ass below & Nazis are examples of what concept?
Authoritarianism
True or false: people sometimes restore threatened self-esteem by derogating members of negatively stereotypes groups
true
When seeking mental efficiency: _____- is the process of categorizing an individual as a member of a particular group and then inferring that he or she possess the characteristics generally held by member of that group
stereotyping
______- tendency to overestimate the extent to which members of other groups are similar to one another
Perceived outgroup homogeneity
______- tendency to overestimate the extent to which members of other groups are similar to one another
Perceived outgroup homogeneity
Failing to appreciate the variety of social features possessed of other racial groups - this is example of
Perceived outgroup homogeneity
Why do individuals who are in need for structure use stereotypes?
Stereotypes facilitate or simplify categorizing others, when someone needs structure they need a idea of what everything is like
Who is going to be more motivated to think things thoroughly, happy or sad people?
Sad people are more motivated
Who is more likely to stereotype, happy or sad people?
Happy people because they are less likely to think things thoroughly
Emotions w ______ such as _____ reduce the amount of cognitive resources available to us, leading us to be more likely to stereotype
Arousal such as anger, fear, and euphoria
True or false: when circumstances tax our attention capacity we are more likely to rely on stereotypes
true
_____ - belief that people discriminate or have prejudices just because “they don’t know any better”
ignorance hypothesis
_____ - goal based strategy to decrease stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination bc these act serve as important goals
The goal based approach
What are the 4 ways in which goal based strategy attempts to decrease stereotypes/preju/discri
- Change features of person
- Change situation
- Give people alternative easy to satisfy goals
- Activate goals that incompatible w held beliefs
_____- belief to be fair and just, treat all groups equally
Equalitarian values
What is a group?
2 or more individuals who influence one another
What does the mere presence of others do?
It psychologically arouses us, increasing our heart rate and quickening our breathing
What are dominant responses?
Familiar, well-learned behaviors
What are dominant responses?
Familiar, well-learned behaviors
The presence of others arouses us to exhibit dominant responses when skill is _____; but w a _____ the presence of others impairs our responses
Skill is masters; new and unmastered skill
_____ - the presence of others increases the likelihood of dominant responses, leading to better performances on well-mastered tasks and worse on performance of unmastered tasks
Social facilitation
_____ - the presence of others increases the likelihood of dominant responses, leading to better performances on well-mastered tasks and worse on performance of unmastered tasks
Social facilitation
_____ - is when observers are explicitly assessing our performance
evaluation apprehension
True or false: teenagers are inclined to make risky decisions and even more likely when in a group; unless there is an adult presence
true
_____- losing one’s sense of personal identity, making it easier to behave in ways that are inconsistent w one’s normal values
Deindividuation
A way groups deindividuation their members: ____ - anonymous and less accountable
Mask identities
A way groups deindividuation their members: ____ - anonymous and less accountable
Mask identities
To counter mask identities what can you do?
ask individuals what their name is
A way group deindividuation their members: _____ away from their individual selves and personal values
Distracting members attention
True or false: the behavior of the first group member influences all other members
true
_____ - systems made up of many interacting elements that changes and evolves over time
dynamical systems
What is interdependence?
Needing one another to reach shred goals
What is group identity?
Perceiving yourself as a group, sharing a common identity when coming together
_____- developing injunctive norms, shared expectations of how a group ought to behave to receive approval and disapproval
group structure
____ - expectations held by a group for how members in particular positions ought to behave
roles
_____ - ranking our group members by their power and influence over other members
status hierarchy
_____- how information flows to members of a group
communication network
How do centralized networks work?
leaders communicate to everyone below all at once
_____ - when info flow without having to go through a specific person - chainlike effect
Decentralized network
_____- strength of the bonds among group members
Cohesiveness
_____ - caused bc members enjoy being by one another
interpersonal cohesiveness
_____ - caused because all members are committed to group’s task
task cohesiveness
True or false: cohesive groups perform better on average than groups who are not cohesive; especially when communication and cooperation are a factor
true
Basic need to belong, universal human feature, opportunity to express values publicly, help defining ourselves, emotions support - all of these are reason for
all reasons to belong to a group
In terms of getting things done, why would we want to be in a group?
Able to split the work and complete tasks we may not be able to do alone
_____ - reducing one’s personal efforts when in a group
social loafing
When is an individual more likely to loaf?
when individual contributions cannot be evaluated
Making each member’s contributions identifiable - making tasks personal and meaningful - make it clear that personal effort lead to better group performance - try to increase interpersonal cohesiveness - recruit members who tend toward collectivistic behaviors: these are all ways to ?
reduce social loafing
Individuals who believe they will ____ on their own are more likely to join a group, especially if they believe the group will help them reach their goals
fail
In an experiment, they had students perform tasks that were gender specific of the opposite gender. When students believed they would be unable to complete such tasks, what followed?
Those individuals that thought they would fail on their own were had increased willingness to work as a group
True or false: when interpersonal or societal circumstances become undesirable, making it difficult for individuals to reach their goals, individuals are more likely to join group organizations that will enable them towards success in achieving their goals.
true
Between collectivistic and individualistic individuals who would breed performance groups and why?
Individualistic individual because they are more likely to “group shop” and collectivistic individuals are less likely to leave a group they feel loyal to
True or false: individualistic societies are wealthier, more literate, more urban all of which are factors that contribute to the fact that it is easier to join groups
true
True or false: individualistic societies are wealthier, more literate, more urban all of which are factors that contribute to the fact that it is easier to join groups
true
True or false: literate residents are more exposed to links, networks of people w common goals
true
When are groups most productive?
It depends, different tasks require different skills
Between a homogeneous group and a heterogenous group, who would perform better?
At first the homogenous group will outperform the heterogeneous group, however with time the heterogeneous group will outperform the homogenous group.
______- mechanism through which groups collectively encode, store, and retrieve knowledge - knowledge held by each individual and communication to share it among one another
Transactive memory
Why would individuals who have a need to know want to join a group?
Because groups and organizations are dedicated to provide info that others are in want of
True or false: attitudes and beliefs shift to the majority help opinion
true
_____ - when group discussion leads members to make decisions that more extremely on the side of that the group initially favored
group polarization
What is the persuasive argument process?
Discussion leads extreme feelings to arise about something the group had already sided with
_____ - process where individuals or group’s move toward opposite extremes of continuum of viewpoints or opinions
polarization
How is modern technology feeding into group polarization?
Modern technology platforms such as tik tok show content than individuals already like or agree w
_____ - when opinion of minorities persuade others
Minority influence
_____ - when opinion of minorities persuade others
Minority influence
Why is minority influence difficult to accomplish?
- Minorities are less able to exert social pressures on others
- W less number of people, seen as less credible
Holding steady to their views - once held by the majority - willing to compromise - some support from opposing sides - present as ‘ahead of the curve’ - audience wants to make accurate decisions: all are how ?
minorities are most persuasive
Why does the jury system exist?
Because it is believed that through discussion a group can better shift to find the truth and justice
_____ - making group decisions driven more by members’ desires to get along than desires to evaluate potential solutions realistically
groupthink
More likely to ignore information from outside groups when
When individuals are a part of group
When the goal is to achieve consensus as a group what happens to the quality of the consensus?
The consensus reached is not effective
When individuals care about group how will it affect their discussions
It will lead to poorer quality of discussions
When individuals care about group how will it affect their discussions
It will lead to poorer quality of discussions
In what conditions did computer mediated discussions lead to good quality discussions and decisions?
When there was unlimited time
In terms of making quality decisions, should groups meet face to face or communicate via computer?
Communicating via computer leads to lower quality decisions, so face to face would be better
Why is the main purpose of a leader?
to keep everything together
Why would someone want to be a leader if it’s more work?
Leaders have great rewards, receive greater satisfaction for job well done, and financial and social benefits
Logically, who are the individuals who want to become leaders?
Individuals who are ambitious, who like exercising power over others or do great things
Being ambitious, needs for power, achievement motivation, highly energetic: these are all qualities of those who :
want to become leader
Why do men, over women, desire to be leaders?
Due to the social influences and testosterone levels
What are some possible situations that can help someone become a leader?
Voids at the top, moments of crisis, and being at the right place at the right time
What are some possible situations that can help someone become a leader?
Voids at the top, moments of crisis, and being at the right place at the right time
Who should get to lead a group?
Individual who possess the right characteristics that fit the group’s needs
A leader has a “certain look” which is?
Mature face: narrow eyes, small chin, angular face, and being tall
Do women fit the “certain look” of a leader?
No because it is not in accordance to social norms
Describe a naive face?
Baby face, large eyes, small chin and round face
Describe a naive face?
Baby face, large eyes, small chin and round face
An accountant being able to respond better to task oriented style and college professors prefer to manage themselves these are examples of ?
How different styles are equipped for different groups
Why must leadership styles change over time?
They need to change to remain effective
Why must leadership styles change over time?
They need to change to remain effective
What is the deal with dictatorial and democratic leadership?
Dictoral only produces effective results when leaders are present And democratic style had their members productive w or without a leader present
____ - leaders that changes the motivations, outlooks, and behaviors of followers, enabling the group to reach its goals better
Transformational leaders
____ - leaders that changes the motivations, outlooks, and behaviors of followers, enabling the group to reach its goals better
Transformational leaders
What are the two ways in which leaders can be effective
- Fit the styles of existing needs
- Inspire group toward their goal
True or false: we are losing valuable talent because women don’t fit the stereotypical leader position
true
True or false: we are losing valuable talent because women don’t fit the stereotypical leader position
true
According to the meta analyses that measures the effectiveness of leadership, what was the difference between men and women?
The difference between them is zero
Women are more effective in leadership positions ?
Viewed are more feminine or that require interpersonal skill
Men more effective in leadership positions?
That are viewed as masculine or hard nosed orientation
_____ - we all are encouraged to behave in ways that are congruent w culturally defined gender roles
social rule theory
True or false: women tend to be more transformational than men
true
The text describes discrimination as:
Behaviors directed toward people on the basis of their group membership
An individual believes that European Americans are achievement-oriented and racist.
stereotypes
The notion of “stereotype threat” is discussed in the text w relation to findings that
Black students do worse on questions the GRE if their race is made salient
In group bias is
A cross-cultural feature of human social life
People w physically mature facial features such as a broad jaw, narrow eyes and angular face are ____ likely to become leaders because
More; they fit w the traditional leadership prototype
_____ - discriminatory treatment of an individual or group of individuals by society or an institutions
Institutional discrimination
_____ - method for investigating the minimal conditions required for discrimination to occur between
minimal group paradigm
What is social identity theory?
Individual’s self-concept derived from perceived membership of certain group
