Exam 1 - Ch 3 Flashcards
what are the four processes of social cognition
attention, interpretation, judgment, memory
true or false: people are likely to pay attention to negative things w people you may not know, while pay attention to positive things w people you do know
true
what the goals of social cognition
to be flexible, think well of self, to be accurate
what is flexibility
the ability ti adapt to different contexts and conserve mental effort
what are expectations
presumptions of people and situations, can be accurate or not quite
broad inferences of personality traits based on their behaviors
dispositional inferences
why do we partake in conserving mental effort
complex information rich world and limited human attentional capacity
what is anchoring and adjustment
anchoring based on a judgment and then adjusting with attainment of new information
true or false: arousal and circadian rhythms cause us to use conserving mental efforts
true
true or false: people w high need for structure DO NOT need more mental shortcuts
false
true or false: people in complex situations or time pressure situations are MORE likely to use mental shortcuts
true
why do we have cognitive strategies for enhancing and protecting the self
because we want to preserve a positive self image, we want to feel good about ourselves
why do we like to believe we have control
because we like to think our success are a result of our choices
who is MORE likely to use cognitive strategies to enhance the self, individual w low or high self esteem and why
individuals w high self esteem because they need to enhance and maintain their already existing self image
true or false: individuals w low levels of self esteem DO NOT use cognitive strategies of to enhance the self
false-they do, just not as much as those w high self esteem
how culturally universal is the need for positive self-regard
both individualistic and collectivistic cultures use it, just that they use it in different ways
what is attributional logic
seeking the causes of behavior
what are two models we use for attributional logic
correspondent inference theory and covariation model
true or false: when we are unhappy mood we are less likely to seek more information
false - happy mood leads to less info seeking
true or false: individuals who like critically think are more likely to seek an accurate understand
true
selecting info - process of consciously focusing on aspects of one’s environment or oneself, is limited
attention
the things we pay attention to is influenced by what
personal interests, social class, values, beliefs
giving information meaning - determining what info we pick up, through attention, means
interpretation
true or false: our values DO NOT influence the way we interpret things
false
using info to form impressions and make decisions
judgement
stored information for future use
memory
true or false: memories can influences new judgements
true
what are expectations
our beliefs about the world, what we expect
when an initially inaccurate expectation leads to actions that cause the expectations to come true
self-fulfilling prophecies
the judgement that a person’s behavior has been caused by an aspect of that person’s personality
dispositional inferences
tendency to overestimate the casual influence of personality and behavior, and underestimate casual role of situational influences
correspondence bias
what is a cognitive heuristic
a metal shortcut used to make a judgement
mental shortcut used to classify something as belonging to a certain category, similar to a typical case from that category
representative heuristic
mental shortcut used to estimate likelihood of an event by the ease of which instances of that event come to mind
availability heuristic
tendency to overestimate the extent to which others agree w us
false consensus effect
mental shortcut where we start w an estimation and adjust by taking unique characteristic of present situation
anchoring and adjustment heuristic
true or false: being aroused DOES NOT make us use cognitive heuristics
false
people who are motivated to organize their mental and physical worlds are people who _______
need structure
true or false: when we have to justify our reasoning we are LESS likely to use cognitive shortcuts
true
process pf comparing ourselves w those who are less well off
downward social comparison
process of comparing ourselves w those who are better off
upward social comparison
true or false: depending on the individual upward social comparison can be motivating or discouraging
true
what is the self serving bias
tendency to take personal credit for your success and blame external forces for your failures
true or false: we expect to succeed so naturally we connect our successes w our own attributes
true
true or false: people tend to devalue traits or characteristics they don’t have
true
why do we like to think we have control over our lives
it enhances and protects our self image
when sense of control is taken away how do people react
negatively- decreased motivation, decreased interest in activities, and crucial health implications
what is the awareness that one will at some point die called
mortality salience
true or false: knowing that we are going to die, we tend to adopt spiritual and cultural views that provide meaning to our life
true
true or false: when thoughts of death threaten our self image, we become more favorable toward those who validate our values
true
what is the attribution theory
theories designed to explain how people determine the causes of behavior
was behavior intended, were the behavior’s consequences foreseeable, was the behavior freely chosen, did the behavior occur despite countering forces
the 4 principles of the correspondent inference theory
what are the 3 criteria for the covariation model
consensus, distinctiveness, consistency
consensus refers to whether
other people in act in the similar way
distinctiveness refers to whether
individual behaves similarly in similar situations
consistency refers to
whether individual behaves similarly across time in the same situation
judgmental rule that states that as the # of possible causes for an event increases, our confidence that any particular cause is true is the true one should DECREASE
discounting principle
judgmental rule that states that if an event occurs despite the presence of strong opposing forces, we should give more weight to those possible cause that lead toward the event
augmenting principle
true or false: when happy we use mental shortcuts, inversely when sad we’re particularly aware of our surroundings
true
true or false: subjects high in need for cognition are better at detecting deception
true
the need for accuracy or to be correct stems from what
from the need to have control
true or false: we won’t be able to think deeply if we lack necessary attentional resources
true
