Exam 3 - Chapter 10 Flashcards
_____ - behavior intended to injure another
aggression
_____ - behavior intended to demonstrate dominance or confidence
assertiveness
_____ ____ - behavior intended to hurt someone without face-to-face confrontation
indirect aggression
_____ ____- behavior intendeds to hurt someone to his or her face either verbally or physically
direct aggression
_____ - hurtful behavior that stems from angry feelings
emotional aggression
_____ - hurting another person to accomplish some other goal
instrumental aggression
throwing a chair at a coworker at blind rage is an example of _______; while purposely tripping the start player on the opposing team is an example of ______
emotional aggression; instrumental aggression
true or false: levels of aggression specifically on sex differences depend on individual definitions for aggression
true - men are more likely to take part in physical aggression such as assault and murder, however women are more likely to participate in indirect aggression like ‘talking shit’
why are women less likely to part in physical aggression in comparison to men?
women are physically smaller and not as strong as men, therefore instead of direct aggression they participate more in indirect aggression
what are some reasons to be aggressive?
-influence people
-gain power
-dominance over others
-create impression of toughness
-gain money
-gain social approval
-discharge negative feelings
what is the “life instinct” and “death instinct” in relation to why people act aggressively?
the idea that individuals act aggressively as an instinct to survival when necessary, and NOT to act aggressively in certain situations when it might get them in trouble rather than benefit
_____ - indirect expression of an aggressive impulse towards a person or animal who did not cause feelings of aggression
displacement
______ - idea that aggressive impulses build up and they need to be released
catharsis-aggression theory
____ - discharge of aggressive impulses
catharsis
why would consuming violent media increase the violent behaviors of viewers?
idea that we exhibit behaviors that we observe, therefore is we consume media with violent behavior we are more likely to take part in those behaviors in comparison to someone who does not consume the same violent media
in what ways in aggressive behavior a strategy for survival?
controlling territory, dividing limited resources, and defend young
what are the four main functions that aggression serves?
to cope with feelings of annoyance, to gain material or social rewards, to gain or maintain status, and to protect oneself and members
______ - theory that aggression is an automatic response to any blocking of goal directed behavior, this theory implies that someone who is acting aggressively was frustrated prior or that when frustrated and act of aggression will follow
frustration-aggression theory
______ - theory that any unpleasant stimulation will lead to emotional aggression to the extent that it generates unpleasant feelings
reformulated frustration-aggression theory
what are the main forms of unpleasant stimulation that contributes to the ‘negative feelings’ of reformulated frustration-aggression hypothesis ?
frustration, pain, heat
true or false: ‘unpleasant feelings’ may or may not lead to overtly aggressive behavior
true - even though ‘unpleasant feelings’ such as frustration, pain, and heat can increase the likelihood that someone will take part in aggressive behavior, it ultimately comes down to the person and situation
_____ - theory that anger is physiologically similar to other emotional states and that any forma of emotional arousal can enhance aggressive response
excitation-transfer theory
_____ - a group of personality characteristics, including time-urgency and competitiveness
Type A behavior pattern
how does a Type B personality look like?
more laid back approach to deadlines and competition in comparison to Type A personality
_____- the feeling that one has less than others who one compares ourselves to
relative deprivation
the fact that # of lynching increased as the economy got progressively worse is an example of what concept?
relative deprivation - white people were not doing so good economically, therefore they had to take it out on black, being the ones they constantly compared themselves to, to make themselves feel better
______ - theory that any unpleasant situation triggers a complex chain of internal events, including negative thoughts
cognitive - neoassociation theory
true or false: when people get annoyed they change their way of thinking
true - this is in relation to the cognitive-neoassociatio theory, feelings of annoyance being the unpleasantness that changes the way we process things internally
if negative feelings are more associated with fearful thoughts and associations, an individual is more likely to flight or fight?
flight
if negative feeling are more associated with angry thoughts and associations, an individual is more likely to flight or fight?
fight
______ - tendency for weapons, such as guns, to enhance aggressive thoughts, feelings, and actions
weapons effect
true or false: some people create their own annoying situations
true - some people choose situations that match their personal characteristics, for example a Type A person would choose situations they can engage in competitive and urgent matters
Al Capone resulted to aggressive behaviors, such as killing, to gain power and material benefits this goes to show ……
how people may take part in aggressive behaviors to gain material and social rewards
______- theory that aggression is learned through direct reward or by watching others being rewards for aggressive behaviors
social learning theory
what is in example that exemplifies how rewards for aggressive behaviors may come INDIRECTLY
the experiment by Bandura, where kids saw people act aggressively towards a bobo doll and be rewarded so then they acted aggressively towards the bobo doll as well
______ - individual characterized by impulsivity, irresponsibility, low empathy, grandiose self-worth, and lack of sensitivity to punishment. such individuals are inclined to act aggressively for personal gain
psychopath
_____- sharing emotions of another
empathy
individuals who experience high levels of empathy are most likely to ….
put themselves in others shoes
how does alcohol intoxication affect empathy
alcohol intoxication turns off normal empathetic feelings, lowering empathy levels and lack of concern for others, contributing to the link between aggressiveness and alcohol
______ - narrow focus of attention on whatever seem most important to the person at the moment, for example Snooki when intoxicated looking for Gionni
alcohol myopia
_______- statistical combination of results from different studies of the same topic; discovering commonalities across studies
meta-analyses
what form of violence does porn glamorize?
rape
status linked aggression has to do w what 3 concepts?
sexual selection, testosterone, and southern culture of honor
______- the principle that animals making higher investment in their offspring [females more than males] will be more careful in choosing mates
differential parental investment
______- form of natural selection where animals favor characteristics that assist in attracting mates or competing w members of their own sex, ultimately increasing the chances of finding a mate
sexual selection
true or false: males have greater quantities of testosterone in blood streams than women
true
” a greater percentage of male murderers are motivated by the desire to retaliate for previous insult or put down”, correlates to what concept
culture of honor
_____- a set of norm w the idea that people (men) should ready to defend their honor w violent retaliation if necessary
culture of honor
true or false: it used to be hard to get a conviction in the south if the victim had insulted the perpetuator
true - this is due to the influence of ‘culture of honor’ that exists in the south
male struggle for dominance is linked to what
linked w successful reproduction, aka getting a girl
what two factors combine to contribute to the highest levels of delinquency
low socioeconomic status and high levels of testosterone
true or false: people w low self esteem are more aggressive than those w high self esteem
false - those w high self esteem are more aggressive because of their over inflated personality
why are the ‘most aggressive children’ just frightened instead of being heartless?
because these children tend to be overly emotional and they have the tendency to perceive others to be threatening
_______- tendency to notice threats and to interpret other people’s behavior to do harm
defensive attributional style
true or false: men are likely to kill their partners as a pattern of harassment and attempted control, while women are likely to kill their partners as self-defense
true
______- assessment of the likely beneficial effect of aggressiveness balanced abasing the likely dangers
effect/danger ratio
how does the effect/danger ratio link to women aggression
there is a misconception that women do not get as angry as men because they do not exhibit aggressive behaviors to the extent that men do, however that is wrong because women take into account “effect/danger ratio” as they are typically smaller in size and have less strength then men so they exhibit their aggressiveness in other ways
true or false: when gender is taken away, women act as violently/aggressively as men do
true
true or false: a child who views the world more aggressively acts to create the world more aggressively
true - we exhibit what we see, especially children because they copy whatever behaviors they witness
guns purchased for ‘self-defense’ are more likely to be used against who
used against friends or acquaintances
true or false: guns in the home lead to more suicides than homicides
true
- alternate techniques for gaining rewards
- teaching was to handle annoyance and unpleasant arousal
- punishing aggressive behaviors
all ways reduce angry arousal
instead of placing money and effort into catching criminal we should instead use those efforts to prevent violence before it even happens, some possible ways are …..
establish a curfew for young trouble makers and policy that reflects gun control
the 3 criteria for defining behavior
- aggression is a behavior
- intended or purposeful
- behavior is aimed at hurting another
aggression is an evolutionary productive because ….
it enables survival
what is the common assumption in regards to gender and aggression
that men are more aggressive than women, however that is not entirely true because both are just as aggressive they just exhibit aggression differently
true or false: men are more likely to put their hands on their aromatic partners
false- women are more likely to do so
______ is a behavior intended to injure another person
a) assertiveness
b) deviance
c) aggression
d) anger
c) aggression
An individual founds out he lost his job. The next day, he storms into the office where he used to work at and shoots some of his coworkers because he was “just so angry at all of them”. This action is an example of
a) indirect aggression
b) assertive aggression
c) emotional aggression
d) instrumental aggression
c) emotional aggression
The tendency for weapons, such as guns, to enhance aggressive thoughts, feelings, and actions is known as the
a) weapons effect
b) excitation-transfers effect
c) anger displacement effect
d) hostility effect
a) weapons effect
true or false: iron promotes sexual violence towards women; specifically rape
true
An individual who is characterized by lack of empathy for others, a grandiose sense of self-worth, and a lack of of sensitivity to punishment is known as a
a) psychopath
b) frustrated aggressor
c) schizophrenic
d) xenophobe
a) psychopath
A researcher wants to know if exercise decreases depression. Dozens of studies that test this relationship have been conducted, so the researcher wants to combine them all to investigate the issue. The best methodology is
a) meta-analyses
b) experience sampling
c) archival studies
d) a field experiment
a) meta-analyses
the evolutionary principle that the gender that contributes more resources to the upbringing and care of offspring will be more careful in selecting a mate is known as
a) sexual selection
b) resource allocation
c) biparental care
d) differential parental investment
d) differential parental investment
Dr. Jones wants to increase aggressive tendencies in her experimental participants. Which of the following substances could she use to increase aggressive tendencies?
a) progesterone
b) oxytocin
c) testosterone
d) dopamine
c) testosterone
A tendency to notice a threat and to interpret other people’s behaviors as intended to cause harm is called
a) hostile instrumentality
b) self-serving bias
c) defensive attributional style
d) threat monitoring
c) defensive attributional style
According to your textbook, what is the effect of having a gun in the home for self-protection?
a) gun owners are less likely to be robbed
b) gun owners increase their own likelihood of being killed
c) gun owners are two times less likely to be killed in their own homes
d) gun owners become more paranoid of being robbed
b) gun owners increases their own likelihood of being killed
Which of the following actions is an example of aggression?
A) teasing someone as a joke
B) being very angry at someone
C) physically attacking someone
D) all of the above
c) physically attacking someone
