Exam 3 - Chapter 9

Question 1

Alessandro wanted to help the victims of the recent earthquake in Italy. He anonymously established a fund to help the families of the victims, Even inside the banks no one knew who had done this. Alessandro did this without any desire for external or internal rewards. This is an example of ____ _____

Answer 1

pure altruism

Question 2

All of the following are goals for prosocial behavior EXCEPT:
(a) to display reactance
(b) to increase social status
(c) to manage our self-image
(d) to manage our moods and emotions

Answer 2

(a) to display reactance

Question 3

the concept of ______ refers to the likelihood that one’s genetic makeup will be preserved not just in one’s life but in future generations.
a. social validation
b. genetic determinism
c. prosocial relatedness
d. inclusive fitness

Answer 3

(d) inclusive fitness

Question 4

Research has demonstrated that the ___ students tend to be ___ prosocial than many other college student.
a. economics; more
b. psychology; less
c. economics; less
d. anthropology; more

Answer 4

(c) economics; less

Question 5

we are more likely to help individuals who are similar to us and with whom we have had early contact in the home because
a. we perceive such individuals as more physically attractive
b. we perceive such individuals as having more charitable personalities
c. we perceive such individuals as more likely to share our genes
d. we perceive such individuals as being more likely to reciprocate helping

Answer 5

(d) we perceive such individuals as being more likely to reciprocate helping

Question 6

the social responsibility norm states that
a. we should help those in need who are dependent non our help
b. we should help those who are similar
c. we must help our kin
d. we must be responsible for own actions, even when part of a group

Answer 6

(a) we should help those in need who are dependent non our help

Question 7

Which of the following explanations does the text give for the fact that Catherine Genovese was killed while 38 neighbors observed and none of them helped?
a. murders happen to often in urban centers in NC, so resident of urban areas generally don’t bother to help
b. each of the observers thought. hat someone else would help
c. the observers were not aware of the social responsibility norm
d. the observers were not motivated to help because it would not lead to the survival of their genes

Answer 7

(b) each of the observers thought. hat someone else would help

Question 8

People possessing s strong religious code appear to help in order to
a. increase their inclusive fitness
b. manage their self image
c. manage their mood and emotions
d. receive reciprocal favor

Answer 8

(b) manage their self image

Question 9

You are an elementary school teacher who wants to increase the amount of helping your student give one another. According to research on labeling effects, which of the following strategies is likely to be successful?
a. put several mirrors in the classroom
b. punish the children when they are not helpful
c. tell the children that they are not helpful in order to induce reactance
d. tell the children that they are kind and helpful

Answer 9

(d) tell the children that they are kind and helpful

Question 10

Sometimes people will refuse to ask for and accept needed help in order to:
a. preserve their expanded sense of ‘we’
b. maintain positive self-regard
c. maintain inclusive fitness
d. avoid being accused of pluralistic ignorance

Answer 10

(b) maintain positive self-regard

Question 11

According to the textbook, high self-esteem people are less likely to seek help than low self-esteem people
a. when they are learning a new task
b. because they don’t need to manage their moods that way
c. when getting help might make them look less competent
d. because they rarely believe that they need help

Answer 11

(c) when getting help might make them look less competent

Question 12

According to research on the arousal/cost-reward model of helping, if you are in an emergency and need help, you will be more likely to receive help if you do all of the following EXCEPT
a. explain in detail all the help you need from the person
b. emphasize a connection between yourself and the would-be helper by emphasizing similarity
c. make clear that helping you involves small costs and large rewards
d. try to increase the arousal of the would-be helper

Answer 12

(a) explain in detail all the help you need from the person

Question 13

The mood management hypothesis states that people are more likely to help
a. in order to manage dissonance, which can occur if one does not help similar other
b. in order to manage their self-image
c. when they are happy
d. when they are temporarily sad

Answer 13

(d) when they are temporarily sad

Question 14

What are the 4 goals of prosocial behavior?

Answer 14

1. improve basic welfare
2. increase social status and approval
3. manage self-image
4. manage moods and emotions

Question 15

____ ____ something that is solely to benefit another person, no internal or external reward

Answer 15

pure (true) altruism

Question 16

_____ - action intended to benefit another

Answer 16

prosocial behavior

Question 17

________ - a measure of success in passing on one’s genes, including directly by producing offspring but also indirectly by assisting one’s relatives who share common genes

Answer 17

inclusive fitness

Question 18

______ - help that occurs in return for prior help

Answer 18

reciprocal aid

Question 19

what 2 features might encourage a person to help?

Answer 19

instilled beliefs and expanded sense of ‘we’

Question 20

what are the 2 cues that serve to estimate genetic relatedness?

Answer 20

similarity and familiarity

Question 21

_____ - refers to physical traits, personality traits, and attitudes

Answer 21

similarity

Question 22

____ - refers to living w relatives; frequent contact w one another

Answer 22

familiarity

Question 23

what are descriptive norms?

Answer 23

what is typically done

Question 24

what are inductive norms?

Answer 24

what is typically approved and disapproved

Question 25

________- the societal norm that people should help those who need help

Answer 25

social responsibility norm

Question 26

in what 3 ways to bystanders serve?

Answer 26

1. sources of help
2. sources of information about whether help is required
3. approval or disapproval for helping

Question 27

______ - tendency of a bystander to be less likely to help in an emergency is there are onlookers present

Answer 27

bystander effect

Question 28

______- tendency for each group member to dilute personal responsibility to acting by spreading it among all other group members

Answer 28

diffusion of responsibility

Question 29

_____ - when people mistakenly believe everyone else had a different opinion of their own

Answer 29

pluralistic ignorance

Question 30

true or false: when an emergency is clear, bystanders are more likely to help

Answer 30

true

Question 31

true or false: compared to rural areas, cities are densely less helpful places

Answer 31

true

Question 32

what is the reasoning behind the fact that children learn through observation others?

Answer 32

observing prosocial behaviors enhances prosocial behavior, thus children learn to model what they observe

Question 33

true or false: since women are seen to posses more traits of kindness, soft-heartfulness, and helpfulness, therefore women over men are found to be sources of help in emergencies

Answer 33

false - men were found to be bigger sources of help

Question 34

Use of prosocial behavior to manage the self-image in what 2 ways?

Answer 34

to enhance self-definition and verify self-definition

Question 35

______ - internalized beliefs and values that combine to form a person’s inner standards for behavior

Answer 35

personal norms

Question 36

true or false: the self image we hold of ourselves is persuaded by groups we belong to such as ‘religious groups’

Answer 36

true

Question 37

what are the examples in which ‘prosocial image’ spurs people to help?

Answer 37

labeling and self-focus

Question 38

why is labeling important in terms of prosocial behavior?

Answer 38

individuals commonly exhibit behaviors that pertain to said labels, ‘criminal’ vs ‘hardworking’

Question 39

what does a person’s self focus have to do with prosocial behavior?

Answer 39

positive or negative view of oneself will predict prosocial behavior; for example if an individual views themselves as a good person they are more likely to help others and vice versa

Question 40

what are some techniques used to have individuals focus on themselves?

Answer 40

have them look at themselves in the mirror, pose for a picture, share an autobiographical story

Question 41

why might we not help our friends?

Answer 41

to try and maintain our self esteem by helping less, principle of “we want our friends to better, but just not better than us”

Question 42

who is less likely to ask for help due to genders roles in society, men or women?

Answer 42

men

Question 43

why are men less likely to ask for help?

Answer 43

because men desire to be in control therefore they are less likely to ask other fro help

Question 44

at what two ages do we decrease asking for help?

Answer 44

1. after the age 7 or 8
2. after 60 yr

Question 45

who are less likely to ask for help, people with high levels of self esteem or low levels of self esteem and why?

Answer 45

individuals with high levels of self esteem because they think so highly of themselves, that how could they ever be in need of help from another person

Question 46

levels of helping another are influenced by _____ levels and our _____

Answer 46

arousal levels and our mood

Question 47

______ - views that observers of a victim’s suffering will want to help to relive their own personal distress

Answer 47

arousal/cost reward model

Question 48

when arousal ____, and there are no bystanders, the likelihood an individual will help will _____

Answer 48

arousal increases; increase

Question 49

if there is “we” connection between victim and helper, are helpers more or less likely to help victim?

Answer 49

more likely to help

Question 50

when helping an individual, where the rewards outweigh the costs, how are arousal levels affected?

Answer 50

arousal levels will decrease

Question 51

_____ - the idea that people use helping tactically to manage their moods

Answer 51

mood management hypothesis

Question 52

why are individual who are in a sad mood more likely to help others?

Answer 52

Individuals commonly release their feelings of sadness by helping others, because the act of helping others releases positive emotions enabling individuals to feel happier after doing it

Question 53

_____ - process of mentally putting oneself in another’s position

Answer 53

perspective taking

Question 54

______ - presumption that when an individual empathizes for another, one will want to help that other for purely altruistic reasons

Answer 54

empathy-altruism hypothesis

Question 55

______ - feelings of compassion caused by taking the perspective of a person in need

Answer 55

empathic concern

Question 56

while experiencing empathetic concern, we are likely to steer away from our own welfare and more towards the welfare of others, why is that?

Answer 56

empathic concern enables individuals to feel or put themselves in the position of those needing help, doing that leads to altruistic motivation which is helping others w no reward in mind

Question 57

why is there so much debate whether or not pure altruism really exist?

Answer 57

pure altruism uses the principle of empathy, saying that we help others by placing ourselves in their situation. If this is the case, is the decision of helping others truly selfless?

Question 58

why are we more likely to help individuals who are related to us biologically or part of our kin?

Answer 58

because helping these individuals specifically will increase the probability that we will pass on our genes either directly or indirectly

Question 59

what gender is more likely to help, men or women?

Answer 59

this depends on the situation, both genders are found to help the same amount they only differ in the situations

Question 60

what group of individuals specifically are MOST likely to help others?

Answer 60

individuals who possess internalized beliefs and values

Question 61

true or false: according to psychology, in terms of managing our self image, we would be more likely to want a stranger to receive a promotion we’ve been wanting over our friend to receive that promotion.

Answer 61

true - our self image, our self esteem, would not want our friend to receive something we have been desperate to attain

Question 62

why would individuals come off as “picky” when deciding whether to help another or not?

Answer 62

“picky” would have to do with the fact that people will weigh the costs and rewards that come with helping another. If the costs outweigh the rewards, individuals are not likely to help.