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PSY 314 > Exam 2 - Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Exam 2 - Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

what is classical conditioning in terms of attitude formation?

A

we come to like or dislike new things because they are associated w things we already like or dislike, can even be subconsciously

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2
Q

what is operant conditioning in terms of attitude formation?

A

learning to do or say certain things as a function of being punished or rewarded

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3
Q

what is observational learning in terms of attitude formation?

A

we learn what is rewarded and what is punished through watching others

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4
Q

what are is biological factors in terms of attitude formation?

A

biological underpinnings we posses because they are inherited

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5
Q

_____ attitudes resist change, accurately predict behavior, are more stable, more likely to remain unchanged throughout time, better able to withstand persuasive attacks

A

strong attitudes

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6
Q

true or false: different areas in our brain are activated when reacting to a topic on which we feel certain of compared to topics we are less certain of

A

true

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7
Q

what are the 2 main reasons that are behind why strong attitudes resist change

A

commitment and embeddedness

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8
Q

when a person is _____ they are more certain their views are correct and they will review relevant information in a biased way, feel stronger about information that supports while dismiss information that opposes

A

committed - commitment

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9
Q

when a concept is ______ into a person it is part of their self concept, their values, and their social identity which it makes it really hard for them to change on opinion on said concept

A

embedded - embededness

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10
Q

how does knowledge impact behavior consistency

A

the more knowledge a person has on a topic the more relevant the topic is and the more likely attitudes and actions are going to be consistent

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11
Q

how does personal relevance impact behavior consistency

A

when a topic is relevant to an individual, their attitudes towards said topic will be a very good predictor of their behavior

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12
Q

how does attitude and accessibility impact behavior consistency

A

highly accessible attitudes are likely to stimulate actions that are going to be consistent

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13
Q

______ ________ are more likely to predict behavior that attitudes

A

behavioral tendencies

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14
Q

true or false: attitudes influence action by first influencing a person’s behavioral intentions

A

true

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15
Q

theory of ____ ____ says that the best predictor is ones behavioral intention is influences by: attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control

A

theory of planned behavior

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16
Q

what are subjective norms

A

whether or not important individuals around us would approve or disapprove

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17
Q

____ _____ control is how difficult it is to perform the behavior in question

A

perceived behavioral control

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18
Q

_____ favorable or unfavorable evaluations of things

A

attitudes

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19
Q

_____ thoughts about things/concepts

A

beliefs

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20
Q

______ to change in private attitude or beliefs as a result of receiving a message

A

persuasion

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21
Q

____ ____ is a measurement style that does not change a subject’s responses while recording them

A

nonreactive measurement

22
Q

_____ _____ test is a technique for bypassing (going around) people’s desire to hide their true feelings ex-> assessing people’s reaction time

A

implicit association test

23
Q

____ ____ model that states that the most direct cause of persuasion is the ‘self-talk’ of the persuasion target

A

cognitive réponse model

24
Q

what are 3 things that facilitate to less number of counterarguments

A

if an expert is holding argument, less time = less counterarguments, a distraction=less counterarguments

25
Q

_____ procedure is a technique used to increase individuals’ resistance to a strong argument by first giving them a weak easily defeated version of it

A

inoculation procedure

26
Q

____ ____ models of persuasion is the model that states that there are 2 ways attitude change occurs - with or without thought

A

dual process models of persuasion

27
Q

____ ____ model holds the idea that persuasive communication typically has two routes towards attitude change - central route and the peripheral route

A

elaboration likelihood model

28
Q

_____ route is when people are persuaded by focusing on the quality of the argument of a message

A

central route

29
Q

____ route is when people are persuaded when focusing on factors other than the quality of the arguments in the message

A

peripheral route

30
Q

what two things are needed in order to take the central route when being persuaded

A

motivation and ability

31
Q

if an a person does not have motivation and ability what route will they take when persuaded?

A

peripheral route

32
Q

what two factors will determine whether or not an individual will be motivated to process a message centrally

A
  1. personal relevance of topic
  2. need for cognition
33
Q

____ for _____ is the tendency to enjoy and engage in deliberate thought

A

need for cognition

34
Q

what are the 3 major persuasion goals?

A
  1. hold a more accurate view of the world
  2. be consistent within themselves
  3. gain social approval and acceptance
35
Q

what are the 3 shortcuts to accuracy ?

A
  1. credible communicators
  2. how others respond
  3. ready ideas
36
Q

_____ refers to a communicator’s knowledge and experience

A

expertise

37
Q

_____ refers to a communicators honesty and lack of bias

A

trustworthiness

38
Q

true or false: advertisers who mention both pros and cons are more likely to gain audience’s trust over those advertisers who only mention the pros

A

true

39
Q

true or false: when happy we are not easily motivated

A

false - when happy we are easily motivated

40
Q

true or false: we are more motivated to be accurate when something is personally important to us

A

true

41
Q

_____ ____ is when we are set on something, we then tend to see everything according to it

A

Done Deal

42
Q

true or false: information that contradicts our values do no come off as valid as information that supports our values

A

true

43
Q

_____ principle is the idea that people will change their attitude, beliefs, perception, and actions to make them consistent w each other

A

consistency principle

44
Q

_____ theory - Heider’s theory that people prefer harmony and consistency in their views of the world

A

balance theory

45
Q

______ _____ is the unpleasant state of psychological arousal resulting from inconsistency within one’s imported attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors

A

cognitive dissonance

46
Q

_____ ____ - behavior that is inconsistent w existing behavior

A

countertitutional action

47
Q

_____ _____ ____ the conflict one feels about a decision that could possibly be wrong

A

post decisional dissonance

48
Q

_____ method - an approach for shifting a person’s position on a topic by posing questions that reveal hidden contradictions between it and the person’s position or related topics

A

Socratic method

49
Q

true or false: in our western culture propaganda focuses on ‘enhancing the self’ because culturally we value the self over the group

A

true

50
Q

_____ motivation is motivation to achieve approval by making a good impression on others

A

impression motivation

51
Q

____ self monitors are most sensitive to what others think of them & also most adaptable to any situation

A

high self monitors

52
Q

_____ seem to be more readily influenced than ____

A

women; men

PSY 314 (10 decks)

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