Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What happens in gene regulation and chromatin?

A

Tightly packed means genes are hidden and not available (Heterochromatin) and loosely packed means genes are not hidden and available (Euchromatin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What groups tighten chromatin and what groups loosen them?

A

Acetylation group = loosens chromatin
Phosphorylation group = loosens chromatin
Methylation group = condenses chromatin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How are genes expressed when there is a lot of methylation, not a lot of methylation, and when there is a normal amount of methylation?

A

More methylation = no expression
Less or no methylation = high expression
Normal amount of methylation (some methylation) = normal expression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are specialized transcription factors?

A

They enhance the activity of the gene or silence it, they do not bind to the promoter. Either bind before the promoter or after the promoter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are general specialized transcription factors?

A

They do the same thing and bind to the promoter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What do activators do in gene expressions?

A

Enhance gene expressions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is RNA splicing?

A

Where two mRNAs are made.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are exons?

A

They are a sequence in RNA that are not cut out and are coding regions. They code for a specific domain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What introns?

A

They are a sequence in RNA that are cut out. They are non coding regions, and have potential to be codons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the exons and introns in the transcript A mRNA and transcript B mRNA? (look at pic in your phone)

A

Transcript A
Exon 3 = Exon
Exon 4 = Intron

Transcript B
Exon 3 = Intron
Exon 4 = Exon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the initiation of translation?

A

Where ribosomes bind to the start codon on mRNA and does it’s translation process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are regulatory proteins in the initiation of translation?

A

They bind to the 5 prime untranslated region (UTR) which prevents the ribosome from binding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is life-span of mRNA in the initiation of translation?

A

Proteins that bind to the 3 prime UTR that initiate destructions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does short life and long life mean?

A

Short life = quick response to environmental changes
Long life = long-term expression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is protein processing?

A

Where proteins are in the inactive form and need certain actions to be activated again.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is cleavage in protein processing?

A

the process of breaking the peptide bonds between amino acids in proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is longevity of proteins in protein processing?

A

adding of ubiquitin to a protein and destroys it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are some other molecular groups that you add to help with protein processing?

A

adding of phosphate and sugar groups to the proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the function of non-coding RNAs?

A

Bind to the mRNA
They block translation
Degradation (destroys) of target DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are some examples of non-coding RNAs?

A

MicroRNAs (miRNA)
Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How does cell division happen in bacteria?

A

Chromosome replication begins at the origin of replication
Then they go around in a circle
Origins of each new chromosome anchor to the cell membrane at opposite sides
Cell growth pulls chromosomes to opposite sides
Cell divides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What stage are most of the cells in our body in? And what happens with the cells in this stage?

A

G0, They carry out normal functions, not preparing for division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Why does a eukaryotic cell enter the cell cycle?

A

Grow
Repair
Reproduce

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the G1 stage? And what happens to the cells that are in this stage?

A

Undergo intense metabolic activity and grow
Makes everything needed for DNA synthesis
Typical time 5-6 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the S phase? And what happens to the cells in that are in this phase?
DNA replication happens Typical time 10-12 hours
26
What is the G2 stage? And what happens to the cells that are in this stage?
Cell growth Makes all materials needed for cell division (phospholipids, microtubules, proteins, enzymes Typical time 4-6 hours
27
What does the G stand for in the cell cycle?
Gap
28
What is the M stage? And what happens to the cells that are in this stage?
Where mitosis and cytokinesis take place
29
What is mitosis? And what happens during it?
Chromosomes condense (spaghetti like structure to being packets of ramen) The nuclear membrane is going to break down Chromosomes will line up in the center and be connected but then they will move to opposite sides of the cell Occurs in distinct stages
30
What are sister chromatids?
opposite chromosomes and attract to each other
31
What is the prophase in mitosis?
Duplicated chromosomes condense and sister chromatids join in the center Mitotic spindle (microtubules) begins to form
32
What is the prometaphase in mitosis?
Nuclear membrane is broken down Chromosomes condense more Mitotic spindle connects with the chromosomes in the center
33
What is the metaphase in mitosis?
Chromosomes align in the center Sister chromatids attached to the microtubules on opposite sides/poles
34
What is the anaphase in mitosis?
Sister chromatids separate Chromosomes move to opposite sides of the cell
35
What is the telophase in mitosis?
Nuclear membrane reforms Chromosomes become less condenses Microtubules disappear Cleave furrow forms
36
What happens after mitosis?
Cytokinesis begins
37
What happens during cytokinesis?
Cleavage furrow constricts Cell divides Cells separate
38
What are the stages in the interphase stage?
G1, G2, S phase
39
What did Payton Rous do a study on in 1911?
Studied chickens and their tumors
40
What is an oncogene?
A gene that has the potential to cause cancer
41
What causes cancer?
Cells that do uncontrolled cell division
42
What are the 3 major check points in the cell cycle?
G1, G2, M
43
What happens when cells get to the G1 checkpoint?
Basically regulates the cells and makes sure all the cells are good to go through to the next phase. And if something is wrong then it kicks it out of the cell cycle to the G0 stage or kills the cells if they are too bad (apoptosis)
44
What happens at the G2 checkpoint?
Sees if the chromosome replication is chilling and if its good it goes ahead and moves on but if chromosomes are damaged then they are killed off (apoptosis)
45
What happens at the M checkpoint?
Sees if each sister chromatid has spindle fibers attached to it and if its good then they pass through and it not they are killed off
46
What are proto-oncogenes?
Regulate normal cell division Involved in cell division Monitor cell health Terminate cell division
47
What happens when proto-oncogenes mutate to oncogenes?
Drive a cell to multiply uncontrollably makes the cell divide again and again and again Unable to stop cell division
48
What are the 4 mutations that can cause cancer (oncogenes) to develop?
Inheritance, viruses, mutations, carcinogens
49
What are carcinogens?
Form free radicals and cause cancer
50
What are free radicals?
They are unpaired electrons in the outer shell that are highly reactive and cause damages to lipids, proteins, DNA etc.
51
What are somethings we need to avoid or limit to prevent cancer?
Alcohol & tobacco Exposure to the sun Highly processed foods Burnt foods Unprotected sex
52
What are some things we need to do to more of to prevent cancer?
Add antioxidants, exercise more, do cancer screenings
53
How do antioxidants help us prevent cancer?
They donate extra electrons to stabilize free radicals
54
What are some different cancer treatments and how do doctors perform these treatments?
Surgery (cut it out) Radiation (kills cells in a specific area) Chemotherapy (kills rapidly-dividing cells, feeds the body chemicals)
55
What are alleles?
Alternative forms of a the same gene Created by mutations
56
What is the dominate allele?
A gene that is higher or more dominate than the other gene more common (only need one gene to override other recessive genes)
57
What is the recessive allele?
A gene that is lower or less dominate than other genes (need 2 or more genes to override the dominate genes)
58
What type of mutations are likely to form a loss of function allele? 1. Missense mutation 2. Silent mutation 3. Frameshift mutation 4. White mutation 5.Nonsense mutation
1. Missense mutation (answer) 3. Frameshift mutation (answer) 5.Nonsense mutation (answer)
59
What is altered activity with alleles?
Adds sugars to the H-antigen to our red blood cells (glycosyl-transferase)
60
What are the 3 alleles in humans (blood types)?
Ia (for blood type A) Ib (for blood type B) I (for blood type O)
61
What alleles are dominate and which ones are non dominate in red blood cells?
Ia, Ib are dominate, i is non dominate
62
Why are Ia & Ib dominate but not i?
Because Ia & Ib are active and i is not active
63
How do we get AB blood type?
Because Ia & Ib are both dominate so they are both present in red blood cells
64
What alleles does attenuation effect?
The eye color alleles
65
How do we get different eye colors?
Alleles produce more melanin than others and that is how you get eye color
66
How do diploid organisms maintain a diploid genome when producing children?
One set of each chromosome (one sister chromatid) is given to produce a child. Mom and dad both give 23 chromosomes.
67
How do we go from diploid cells to haploid gametes?
meiosis
68
What is the main propose of meiosis?
Replication of haploid gametes
69
What happens in the meiosis 1?
Chromosomes separate into 2 different cells. It goes through the same steps as mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis)
70
What happens in meiosis 2 stage?
sister chromatids separate into 4 different cells, It goes through the same steps as mitosis and meiosis stage 1 ((prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis)
71
What is crossing over in genetic diversity?
2 chromosomes pair up and exchange segments of their material (creates new combos of alleles and makes new alleles)
72
How did Mendel cross pollinate the garden peas?
He had to pull apart the pedals of the garden peas to cross pollinate them.
73
What was the process that Mendel did to cross pollinate the peas?
Mendel would cross breed parental generation (the pure breeds) then would get the F1 generation Then would pollinate 2 F1 generation plants and would get the F2 generation
74
What is the ratio of purple to white flower plants in F2 generation 705 purple and 224 white? (dived purple by white)
3:1
75
Which chromosome determines the sex of a baby?
The Y chromosome
76
Which chromosome does not have many sex related characteristics?
The X chromosome
77
What type of chromosomes do females and males pass down to their offspring?
Females only the X chromosome Males the X and Y chromosome
78
What is the X-Y system?
Sex is determined by the combo of sex chromosomes by the sperm and egg (X or Y) XY= male XX= female
79
What is a karyotype?
When we take cells that are in the process of cell division and take them and line them up and take a picture
80
What is the X-O system?
Sex is determined by the number of sex chromosomes sperm and egg XX = female X= male
81
What is the Z-W system?
Sex is determined by the combo of sex chromosomes by the egg Females= ZW Males= ZZ
82
What does the N, 2n, and 4n symbols mean?
N is the symbol for haploid, 2n is the symbol of diploid, 4n is the symbol of tetraploid
83
What was the study Thomas hunt morgan did?
Studied fruit flies and sex related genes Found that crosses between wildtype females and white eyed males the white eyed trait was only found in males
84
Why are males affected by the X-linked diseases?
Males are affected most by these x-linked diseases because they only have one X chromosome
85
Why are females not affected from the X linked diseases?
The second X chromosome will be more dominant than the disease in the other X chromosome
86
What happens when inactivation occurs in the embryotic cells? And what are the names of the X chromosomes?
Active Maternal X Active Paternal X Half express one allele and the other half express another (one is active for a specific trait and one is not and vice versa)
87
What are linked genes?
Close genes that are inherited together during crossing over
88
What is nondisjunction?
The spindles do not work and don’t separate the chromosomes properly into 2 different cells (the sister chromatids)
89
What is aneuploidy?
Abnormal number of chromosomes
90
2n -1(chromosome) = what?
Monosomy (only have one chromosome)
91
2n + 1 (chromosome) = what?
Trisomy (has all the chromosomes you need + an extra one)
92
What is the XO: turners syndrome? And some characteristics?
The lack of the Y chromosome Female characteristics Short in height
93
What is the XXY: Klinefelter's syndrome? And some characteristics?
The gametes failed to get rid of an extra X chromosome and formed with a Y chromosome Male characteristics Breast growth Breast cancer Infertility Learning difficulties
94
What is the trisomy 21: down syndrome? and some characteristics?
adding an extra 21 chromosome mental and physical challenges
95
what does autosomal mean?
That 1-22 chromosomes do not have sex traits (X has some but not a lot)
96
What is the haplo-diploid system?
Sex is determined by ploidy (number of chromosomes an organism has) Males: haploid (unfertilized eggs) Females: diploid (fertilized eggs)
97
What molecule does DNA polymerase add to the growing strand in DNA replication?
Deoxyribose
98
What molecule does DNA primase add to the growing strand in DNA replication?
Ribose

Biology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions