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Biology > Biology UVU Exam 3 > Flashcards

Biology UVU Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are some characteristics that define animals?

A
  • Lack cell walls
    • Heterotrophs
    • Multicellular eukaryotes
    • Bodies are held together by collagens and structural proteins
  • Nervous tissues and muscle tissues are unique to animals
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2
Q

What happens after a sperm fertilizes an egg?

A

the zygote undergoes rapid cell division called cleavage

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3
Q

What happens after cleavage?

A

Then cleavage leads to formation of a blastula

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4
Q

What happens after the blastula is formed?

A

undergoes gastrulation forming a gastrula with different layers of embryonic tissues.

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5
Q

What do hox genes regulate in animals?

A

regulate the development of body plans

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6
Q

What do hox genes produce?

A

can produce a wide diversity of animal morphology

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7
Q

What are some examples on how hox genes work?

A

the number of legs an insect has, the number of vertebrae in a vertebral column or the number of joints in a finger are all strongly influence by hox genes (look at hox gene pic on the phone)

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8
Q

The common ancestor to living animals has some resemblance to what in animals? (similarities they have with each other)

A

resembled modern choanoflagellates, flagellated protists that are the closest relatives of animals

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9
Q

How many years ago did the common ancestors of the living animals live?

A

675 and 875 million years ago

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10
Q

What are the early fossils of living animals called? And how old are they?

A

Ediacaran biota, 635 to 542 million years ago

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11
Q

What type of tissue do living animal fossils have?

A

Soft tissues

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12
Q

What does the Cambrian radiation mark as a milestone?

A

the earliest fossil appearance of all the major groups and the major animal body of living animals

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13
Q

How many phyla existed in the Cambrian period?

A

100

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14
Q

How many phyla do we have today?

A

36

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15
Q

What was the cause of the Cambrian radiation? (530 to 510)

A
  • New predator prey relationships
    • A rise in atmospheric oxygen
    • The evolution of the hox gene complex (gene duplication)
  • Development of biomineralized and chitinous endo and exo skeletons and the development of different modes of locomotion
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16
Q

What event in time helped give rise to modern lineages like jellyfishes, arthropods, mollusks, worms and animals with modern body plans and hard skeletal parts?

A

The great adaptive radiation (542 to 488)

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17
Q

In what time period did the animal diversity increase?

A

The Paleozoic period

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18
Q

What stunted/slowed down the animal diversity during the Paleozoic time period?

A

Mass extinction

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19
Q

When did animals make an impact on land?

A

460 million years ago

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20
Q

When did vertebrates make the transition to land?

A

360 million years ago

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21
Q

What happened during the Mesozoic era that is significant?(like what organisms appeared first and what was organism was dominant)

A
  • Coral reefs emerged which became an important marine ecological ninches for other organisms
    • Dinosaurs were dominant vertebrates
  • The first mammals emerged
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22
Q

How to zoologists categorize animals?

A

According to their body plan

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23
Q

What is a grade in scientific terms?

A

is a group whose members share key biological features or a similar body plan like whales and sharks

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24
Q

What is a body plan?

A

a set of morphological and developmental traits

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25
Q

How is radial symmetry split?

A

it is bisected into two halves

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26
Q

How are body parts arranged in radial symmetry?

A

body parts arranged around central axis

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27
Q

How do animals move when they are radial symmetric?

A

animals would move based on wind and water currents

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28
Q

What bisects the animal into two equal halves in bilateral symmetry?

A

The sagittal plane

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29
Q

How do animals move that have bilateral symmetry?

A

They move in a direction

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30
Q

How are the different sections broken up in bilateral symmetry?

A

Dorsal (top) ventral (bottom) anterior (head) posterior (tail)

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31
Q

What is Cephalization?

A

The development of a head

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32
Q

What is the outer germ layer that they Eumetazoa produce? And what does it cover?

A

the ectoderm which covers the embryo surface (body coverings and nervous system)

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33
Q

how many germ layers does the Eumetazoa produce?

A

Three germ layers

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34
Q

What is the inner germ layer that they Eumetazoa produce? And what does it line?

A

The endoderm is the innermost germ layer and lines the developing digestive tube called the archenteron (digestive organs and intestines)

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35
Q

What is the middle germ layer that the Eumetazoa produce? And what is part of this layer?

A

mesoderm The skeleton and muscles

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36
Q

What is Diploblastic?

A
  • Animals that have the two germ layers ectoderm and endoderm
    • Cnidarians have the endoderm layer and the ectoderm layer
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37
Q

What is Triploblastic?

A
  • Animals also have an intervening mesoderm layer
    • Have three germ layers (humans)
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38
Q

What type of organisms have a body cavity and which ones do not have a body cavity?

Acoelomates

Pseudocoelomates

Coelomates

A

Acoelomates - NO body cavity

Pseudocoelomates- YES have a body cavity

Coelomates - YES have a body cavity

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39
Q

Where is the body cavity located in Pseudocoelomates?

A

between the mesoderm and endoderm

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40
Q

What layer is the body cavity located in, in Coelomates and what is it called?

A

within the mesoderm called the coelom

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41
Q

What two groups can Bilaterians can be divided into?

A

Protostomes and Deuterostomes

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42
Q

What do Protostomes develop first?

A

The mouth from the blastopore

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43
Q

During what process does the mouth form in Protostomes?

A

during gastrulation

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44
Q

What also develops on the other side of the embryo IF it is present in Protostomes?

A

The annus

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45
Q

What do Deuterostomes develop first?

A

develop the anus first from the blastopore

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46
Q

During what process does the mouth form in Protostomes?

A

during gastrulation

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47
Q

What develops later in Deuterostomes on the other side of the embryo?

A

mouth develops later from the other side of the embryo

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48
Q

Out of the two groups of Bilaterians, what group are humans?

A

Deuterostomes

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49
Q

What group forms indirectly from archenteron?

A

echinoderms and chordates

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50
Q

What are the differences between Deuterostomes and Protostomes?

A

Cleavage patterns of embryotic cells, Developmental fate of cells

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51
Q

What are the cleavage patterns of embryotic cells in Deuterostomes and Protostomes?

A
  • Protostomes (form mouth first) = spiral cleavage
  • Deuterostomes (form mouth second) = radial cleavage
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52
Q

What are the Developmental fate of cells in Deuterostomes and Protostomes?

A
  • Protostomes = determinate growth
  • Deuterostomes = indeterminate growth (identical twins and embryotic stem cells) (each cell in the early stages of cleavage retains the capacity to develop into a complete embryo)
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53
Q

Do sponges have true tissues?

A

No they do not have true tissues

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54
Q

What clade has true tissues?

A

Eumetazoa

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55
Q

What phyla are in the Eumetazoans clade?

A

Ctenophora and Cnidaria

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56
Q

What organisms/characteristics are in the phyla Ctenophora?

A

(comb jellies) (triploblastic) (distinct embryonic and tissue layers) (radial symmetry)

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57
Q

What organisms/characteristics are in the phyla Cnidaria?

A

(jellyfish) (diploblastic) (distinct embryonic and tissue layers) (radial symmetry)

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58
Q

Most animal phyla belong to what clade?

A

Bilateria

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59
Q

What are some characteristics for the clade Bilateria?

A

(bilateral symmetry) (triploblastic) (distinct embryonic and tissue layers)

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60
Q

What clade do Chordates and echinoderms belong to?

A

the clade Deuterostomia

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61
Q

What is the process that Ecdysozoans do to shed their exoskeletons?

A

a process called ecdysis

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62
Q

What feeding structure do some ?lophotrochozoans have

A

a feeding structure called a lophophore

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63
Q

What is the distinct developmental stage called that some phyla go through?

A

trochophore stage

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64
Q

What are some characteristics that invertebrates have?

A
  • Are animals that lack a backbone
  • They account for 95% of known animal species
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65
Q

What type of organisms are always protostomes?

A

Acoelomates and pseudocoelomates

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66
Q

Coelomates can either be what?

A

protostomes or deuterostomes

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67
Q

What organism/animal is the largest group of invertebrates?

A

Fish

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68
Q

What phylum are sponges under?

A

Phylum porifera

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69
Q

What do sponges lack?

A

True tissues and organs

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70
Q

What type of feeder are sponges? And how do they catch their food?

A

suspension feeders capturing food particles suspended in the water that pass through their body

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71
Q

What are Choanocytes in sponges? What do they do?

A

(flagellated collar cells generate a water current through the sponge and trap and ingest suspended food from the circulating water)

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72
Q

What is the part of the sponge called that draws water into the sponge?

A

the spongocoel

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73
Q

What is the part of the sponge called that lets out water from the sponge?

A

the osculum

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74
Q

What type of layer do sponges consist of?

A

a noncellular mesophyll layer between two cell layers

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75
Q

What is found in the mesophyll layer in sponges?

A

Amoebocytes

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76
Q

What is the role of the Amoebocytes in the mesophyll?

A

play roles in digestion and structure

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77
Q

What is made/manufactured in the Amoebocytes?

A

spicules of calcium carbonate or silicon dioxide and/or proteinaceous spongin and chitin

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78
Q

What are most sponges?

A

Most sponges are hermaphrodites

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79
Q

What does hermaphrodites mean?

A

It is where an organism can function as a male or female

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80
Q

What do sponges synthesize?

A

cribrostatin

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81
Q

What kind of properties does cribrostatin contain?

A

antibiotic properties

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82
Q

What kind of body plan do
Cnidarians have?

A

a simple diploblastic (two embryonic tissues ectoderm and exoderm tissues) and a radially symmetrical body plan

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83
Q

What organisms/animals do Cnidarians include?

A

motile forms like jellies corals and hydras

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84
Q

Whatdo Cnidarians have that makes their basic body plan so special?

A

a sac with central digestive compartment which is known as the gastrovascular cavity

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85
Q

What are the two variations on the body plans of the cnidarians?

A

the sessile polyp and motile medusa

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86
Q

What are the tentacles armed with in Cnidarians? And what do they do?

A

with cnidocytes unique cells that function in defense and capture prey

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87
Q

What are the specialized organelles called within cnidarians? and what do they do?

A

Nematocysts that eject a stinging thread

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88
Q

What are the 4 classes of Cnidarians?

A
  • Hydrozoa (hydroids) go between the polyp and medusa forms (remember the moon jellyfish)
    • Syphozoa (jellyfish) rounded medusae
    • Cubozoa (box jellyfish and sea wasp) is boxed shaped and has complex eyes
  • Anthozoa (corals and sea anemones)
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89
Q

What does the class Anthozoa include?

A

Include corals and sea anemones

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90
Q

Are sea anemones and corals polyp or medusa form?

A

In polyps

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91
Q

How were Lophtrochozoa identified?

A

by molecular data

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92
Q

What feeding structures do Lophtrochozoa have?

A

called lophophore

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93
Q

What developmental stage do Lophtrochozoa go through?

A

the trochophore stage

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94
Q

What other feeding structure do Lophtrochozoa have?

A

They also have a horseshoe-shaped suspension-feeding organ with ciliated tentacles

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95
Q

Where does gas exchange take place in flatworms?

A

takes place across the surface

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96
Q

What does protonephridia do in flatworms?

A

regulate the osmotic balance

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97
Q

What are flatworms classified as?

A

They are They are acoelomates

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98
Q

What are the best known
Turbellarians called?

A

planarians (the ones that have googely eyes)

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99
Q

Are Turbellarians parasitic?

A

No they are not

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100
Q

What is the nervous system like in planarians?

A

more complex and are centralized

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101
Q

Where do Monogeneans and trematodes live? And are they parasitic?

A

live as parasites in or on other animals. YES they are parasitic

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102
Q

What do trematodes do?

A

parasitize humans

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103
Q

Where do trematodes spend part of their lives?

A

in snail hosts

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104
Q

What is a good control method that trematodes do?

A

is to reduce the freshwater snail population

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105
Q

What are trematodes also called?

A

blood flukes

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106
Q

What are Monogeneans?

A
  • Are ectoparasites in fish
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107
Q

Genus do blood fluke belong to?

A

Schistosoma

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108
Q

How many people do blood flukes effect? And where in the world?

A

1 in 20 of the worlds population, tropical Asia, Africa, Latin America, and the middle east

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109
Q

How many species cause the disease schistosomiasis?

A

three species

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110
Q

What do parasitic worms coat themselves in?

A

with the hosts own antigens

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111
Q

Are tapeworms parasites? and what do they lack?

A

Yes they are and they lack a digestive system

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112
Q

Where do tapeworms get their nutrients from?

A

The intestines of their hosts body

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113
Q

How do fertilized eggs from the tapeworm leave the hosts body?

A

Through the hosts feces

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114
Q

How do tapeworms reproduce?

A

Sexually

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115
Q

How can you tell that you have tapeworms?

A

whitish rectangular objects full of small white spheres in the feces accompanied by fatigue and loss of body weigh

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116
Q

What is used to fight against tapeworms to help you get better?

A

With niclosamide

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117
Q

What are rotifers?

A
  • Are tiny animals that inhabit fresh water, the ocean, and damp soil
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118
Q

What kind of organ system do rotifers have?

A

A specialized one

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119
Q

What does the mouth of rotifers contain?

A

The mouth has tiny cilia

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120
Q

What do rotifers contain?

A

an alimentary canal with a separate mouth and anus

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121
Q

What type of tube is an alimentary canal in rotifers?

A

A digestive tube

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122
Q

Where is the alimentary canal and the mouth and anus located in the rotifers?

A

In a fluid filled pseudocoelom

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123
Q

How do rotifers reproduce?

A

by parthenogenesis in which females produce offspring from unfertilized eggs

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124
Q

What are ectoprocts?

A
  • Are colonial animals that superficially resemble plants
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125
Q

What incases the colony of ectoprocts?

A

A hard exoskeleton encases the colony and some species are reef builders

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126
Q

What do Brachiopods resemble?

A

They resemble clams and other hinge-shelled mollusks but the two halves of the shell are dorsal and ventral rather than lateral as in clams

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127
Q

What animals are in the phylum Mollusca?

A

Are snails, slugs, oysters and clams

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128
Q

What are the three main parts of the mollusks?

A

muscular foot, visceral mass, and mantle

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129
Q

What kind of cavity do most mollusks have?

A

A water filled cavity

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130
Q

What are the three classes within the phylum mollusca?

A

polyplacophorachitons, gastropoda snails and cephalopoda squids

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131
Q

What do mollusks use to feed?

A

By using a rasplike radula

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132
Q

What stage does the life cycle of mollusks contain/include?

A

a ciliated larval stage called a trochophore and eventually a true coelom

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133
Q

What does polyplacophora stand for/mean?

A

many, plate, bear or carry

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134
Q

What do polyplacophora consist of?

A

Consists of chitons that are oval shaped and are marine animals encased in an armor of eight shells

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135
Q

What do most gastropods have?

A

Single spiraled shells

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136
Q

What is the most distinctive characteristic of gastropods?

A

they have torsions

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137
Q

What do torsions cause?

A

causes the animals anus and mantle to end up above its head (it poops on its head)

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138
Q

What do cone snails have that make them special?

A

have a extremely potent toxin called conotoxin and have the worlds fastest mutating genes

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139
Q

What can cone snail proteins be used for?

A

Pain killer drugs

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140
Q

What animals are in the class Bivalvia?

A

Include many species of clams, oysters, mussels, and scallops

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141
Q

How many halves do Bivalvia have?

A

2

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142
Q

What kind of feeders are Bivalvians?

A

Suspension feeders

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143
Q

What animals are in the class Cephalopoda?

A

squid, cuttlefish, and octopuses

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144
Q

What special features do Cephalopoda’s have?

A

they change colors using pouches of pigments and reflective surfaces

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145
Q

What do cone snails contain that make them special?

A

They have a potent toxin called conotoxin, and they have the worlds fastest mutating genes. And they have proteins used for pain killer drugs

146
Q

What types of organisms/animals does the class bivalvia contain?

A

clams, oysters, mussels, and scallops

147
Q

How many halves does the class bivalvia have?

A

2 halves

148
Q

What type of feeders are the class bivalvia?

A

suspension feeders

149
Q

What type of organisms/animals does the class cephalopoda contain?

A

squid, cuttlefish, and octopuses and have tentacles

150
Q

How do cephalopods change colors?

A

by using pouches of pigments and reflective surfaces called chromatophores

151
Q

What do nematodes lack?

A

specialized respiratory organs

152
Q

How do nematodes exchange oxygen?

A

Through their cuticle

153
Q

What organisms are in the class nematodes?

A

active hunters preying on protists and other small animals and many are parasites on animals and plants (pinworms and hookworms)

154
Q

Where does fertilized female trichinella live?

A

The intestines of pigs where they burrow down

155
Q

How much young do fertilized female trichinella produce in the intestinal wall of pigs?

A

1500 young

156
Q

After the young that the fertilized female trichinella produce where do they go?

A

They enter the lymph channels

157
Q

What do the young that the fertilized female trichinella produce form after they enter the lymph channels?

A

They form cysts in muscle tissues

158
Q

What happens when humans eat undercooked pork?

A

The trichinella form cysts in human muscle tissue

159
Q

What does the body plan consist of in arthropods?

A

a segmented body, hard exoskeleton and jointed appendages

160
Q

What time event period do arthropods go back to?

A

to the Cambrian explosion (530-510 million years ago)

161
Q

What do all arthropods have/

A

jointed appendages

162
Q

What are the exoskeletons made out of in arthropods?

A

made out of layers of protein and polysaccharide (mucopolysaccharide) chitin

163
Q

What are the functions of the exoskeleton in arthropods?

A

Protection, muscle attachment, locomotion, impedes water loss

164
Q

How does locomotion work in the exoskeleton with the arthropod?

A

Muscles work against the exoskeleton that help it move

165
Q

What limits an arthropods size?

A

The thickness of the exoskeleton

166
Q

What kind of circulatory system do arthropods have?

A

an open circulatory system

167
Q

What fluid does the open circulatory system sit in arthropods?

A

hemolymph fluid

168
Q

What is hemocoel in arthropods?

A

where the coelom can no longer play a major role in locomotion only in blood circulation

169
Q

What are cheliceriforms named for?

A

named for claw like feeding appendages

170
Q

What are the feeding appendages called in cheliceriforms?

A

Chelicerae

171
Q

What were the earliest cheliceriforms called?

A

eurypterids

172
Q

What animal is the last living marine cheliceriform?

A

The horseshoe crab

173
Q

What part of the horseshoe crab do we use for research? and what for?

A

Their blood to test drugs and implants

174
Q

What happens to the horseshoe crabs blood when it comes into contact with bacteria?

A

It gels up to create a barrier so bacteria or any other toxin cannot get into the horseshoe crab and cause a disease or anything like that

175
Q

What are the most modern form of cheliceriforms called and are closely related?

A

Arachnida

176
Q

How does gas exchange occur in spiders?

A

In respiratory organs called book lungs

177
Q

What organisms/animals are in the class arachnida?

A

Spiders, scorpions, ticks, and mites

178
Q

What are ganglia in octopuses?

A

transfers the information going in and out of the brain

179
Q

What type of circulatory system do cephalopods have?

A

A closed circulatory system

180
Q

What are shelled cephalopods called?

A

ammonites belemnites and nautiloids

181
Q

When did ammonites belemnites and nautiloids become extinct?

A

at the end of the cretaceous period

182
Q

What type of body do annelids have?

A

A body composed of fused rings

183
Q

What are the three phylum in annelids? And what animals/organisms do they contain?

A

Oligochaeta- Earthworms
polychaeta - polychaetas
Hirudinea - leeches

184
Q

What are Oligochaeta named for?

A

their sparse chaetae bristles

185
Q

In Oligochaeta, what are their sparse chaetae bristles made out of?

A

Chitin

186
Q

How do earthworms move?

A

Longitudinal and circular muscles and chaetae (bristles) move the earthworm like a slinky

187
Q

What do polychaetas have that make them special?

A
  • They have paddle-like parapodia that work as gills and aid in moving
188
Q

What class are leeches in?

A

the class hirudinea

189
Q

What are leeches?

A

Blood sucking parasites

190
Q

What chemical do leeches secrete? And what does the chemical do?

A

Leeches secrete a chemical called hirudin to prevent blood from coagulating

191
Q

What doe medical leeches secrete?

A

Anticoagulant

192
Q

What are Ecdysozoans covered in?

A

a tough coat called a cuticle

193
Q

How is the cuticle shed or molted in Ecdysozoans?

A

through a process called edysis

194
Q

What are nematodes?

A

Roundworms

195
Q

How many species of nematodes are there? And where are they found?

A

20,00 species and are found in marine, freshwater and soil habitats

196
Q

What type of body plan do nematodes have?

A

a bilaterally symmetrical and unsegmented body plan

197
Q

What do nematodes have that they are characterized by?

A

They have an alimentary canal and have a pseudocoelom

198
Q

What system do nematodes lack?

A

A circulatory system, and special respiratory organs

199
Q

What are nematodes covered in?

A

Nematodes are covered in flexible, thick cuticle (collagen protein)

200
Q

What do nematodes go through as they grow?

A

A process called edysis

201
Q

How do nematodes exchange oxygen?

A

Through their cuticles

202
Q

What significant characteristic do myriapods have?

A

They have jaw-like mandibles

203
Q

What order are millipedes in?

A

The order Diplopoda

204
Q

How many legs are in each trunk segment of millipedes?

A

2 pairs of legs (4 legs)

205
Q

What do the glands smell like in millipedes?

A

Bitter almonds

206
Q

What order are centipedes in?

A

The order Chilipoda

207
Q

How many legs are in each trunk segment of centipedes?

A

1 pair of legs (2 legs)

208
Q

What super class and class have more species than other forms of life combined?

A

Super class hexapoda and class insecta

209
Q

What feature that insects have is key in insects?

A

Flight is key

210
Q

What do insects undergo during their development?

A

Metamorphosis

211
Q

What is the difference between incomplete metamorphosis and complete metamorphosis?

A

Incomplete metamorphosis: They look the same as when they are fully grown just smaller. So they start out looking the same but small then grow bigger as they grow up (like snakes and other insects like grasshoppers)

Complete metamorphosis: They have large larval stages that do not look like anything like when they grow up as an adult (like caterpillars)

212
Q

How were insects in the carboniferous period grow to such large sizes?

A

Because there was an increase of high oxygen back in that time period that allowed insects to have larger respiratory systems which allowed them to grow big. ALSO SUPER IMPORTANT the trachea had musculature (muscles) which helped with oxygen delivery to the internal tissues

213
Q

Why are insects smaller today?

A

Because there are not a lot of oxygen in the atmosphere and the trachea in the insects do not have musculature (muscles)

214
Q

What class are crustaceans in?

A

Class crustacea

215
Q

What do the branched appendages do in crustaceans?

A

specialized for feeding and locomotion and posses two pairs of antennae

216
Q

What subclass are isopods and decapods in?

A

Malacostraca

217
Q

What animals are well known that are in the group isopods and decapods?

A

Isopods: Pill bugs

Decapods: lobsters, crabs and, shrimps

218
Q

What organism is a copepod?

A

Planktonic crustanceans

219
Q

What organisms are in the subclass ciripedia?

A

Barnacles

220
Q

What do organisms in the subclass ciripedia have that is hardened into a shell?

A

A cuticle

221
Q

Are Chordates and Echinoderms protostomes or deuterostomes?

A

Deuterostomes

222
Q

What are ossicles in the Echinoderms?

A

They are the endoskeleton dermal plates beneath the skin

223
Q

What covers the ossicles in the phylum Echinodermata?

A

The thin epidermis layer

224
Q

Describe how the Echinoderms move

A

The are slow moving or sessile

225
Q

What makes their water vascular system so unique in echinoderms?

A

They have hydraulic canals that branch into tube feet

226
Q

What do the hydraulic canals that branch into tube feet do in echinoderms?

A

They function for locomotion, feeding, and gas exchange

227
Q

Do echinoderms have a circulatory system?

A

No they do not have a true circulatory system

228
Q

What body parts/ systems do echinoderms lack? And what systems do they have?

A

They do not have a head or brain, but they do have a nervous system but they do not have circulatory system

229
Q

What type of symmetry do echinoderms have when they are larvae? And what type do they have when they are adults?

A

As larvae they have bilateral symmetry and as adults they have radial symmetry

230
Q

What group of echinoderms have the only sessile members of echinoderms?

A

Crinoids

231
Q

Are sea lilies mobile?

A

Yes

232
Q

What is the saying if vertebrates and chordates that is going to be a test question? (remember this word for word)

A

All vertebrates are chordates, but not all chordates are vertebrates, some are lacking a vertebral column

233
Q

What clade do chordates belong to?

A

Deuterostomia

234
Q

What are the three subphyla in the phyla chordates?

A

urochordates and cephalochordates and vertebrata

235
Q

Which subphyla in the phyla chordates are closely related to vertebrates?

A

urochordates

236
Q

What are the 4 key characteristics of chordates?

A
  1. notochord 2. dorsal, hollow nerve cord 3. muscular, post-anal tail 4. Pharyngeal clefts or pouches
237
Q

What stage of life do some chordates only show these 4 key characteristics?

A

Embryonic development

238
Q

What is the notochord? And where is it located?

A

It is a longitudinal, flexible rod between the digestive tube and nerve cord

239
Q

Where are the remnants of the notochord in adult chordates?

A

In the vertebral discs

240
Q

What does the dorsal, hollow nerve cord develop from?

A

a plate of ectodermal tissue that rolls into a tube

241
Q

What does the dorsal, hollow nerve cord develop into?

A

the central nervous system the brain and the spinal cord

242
Q

What do the pharyngeal clefts develop into?

A

They develop into slits that open to the outside of the body

243
Q

What was the 1st functions of the pharyngeal slits? Then what was the function as it evolved?

A

The first function they developed into filters/suspension feeders that are gill-like structures. Then they evolved into functions for respiration

244
Q

What other function can the pharyngeal slits do in semiaquatic and aquatic animals? And where did they develop?

A

Gas exchange, into parts of the ear, head, and neck

245
Q

What did one pair of pharyngeal slits become?

A

The Eustachian tubes

246
Q

What is greatly reduced in chordates during embryonic development? (it is one of the 4 key characteristics)

A

Muscular, post-Anal tail

247
Q

What organism is highlighted/ in the subphylum Cephalochordata?

A

Lancelets

248
Q

What are lancelets?

A
  • They are marine suspension feeders that retain characteristics of the chordate body plan as adults
249
Q

Are lancelets ancestors of vertebrates?

A

NO THEY ARE NOT THEY ARE contemporaries

250
Q

What persists with the lancelet throughout their life? (it is one of the 4 characteristics of Chordates)

A

The notochord

251
Q

What are some characteristics of lancelets?

A

They are scaleless, pigment less, and have an anterior and posterior end, with no distinguishable head

252
Q

What animal do cephalochordates swim like?

A

Like fishes

253
Q

When did the first fossils of cephalochordates appear?

A

550 million years ago

254
Q

What subphylum are tunicates in?

A

Urochordata

255
Q

What are tunicates closely related to?

A

to other vertebrate chordates

256
Q

What surrounds the tunicates

A

A secreted tunic

257
Q

What are craniates?

A

They are chordates with a head

258
Q

What did the pharyngeal clefts evolve into in aquatic craniates?

A

Into gill slits

259
Q

What characteristics do all craniates share?

A

A skull, brain, eyes and other sensory organs

260
Q

What is the neural crest considered in craniates?

A

A 4th type of embryonic tissue

261
Q

What structures does the neural crest make?

A

Bones and cartilage of the skull

262
Q

What did vertebrates go through that made their genes more complex?

A

Gene duplication

263
Q

What gene cause this gene duplication in vertebrates?

A

the Dix family gene

264
Q

What did the Dix family gene make/innovate in vertebrates?

A

the nervous system and skeleton, and a more extensive skull and a backbone composed of vertebra

265
Q

What class are lamprey in?

A

They are in the class cephalapidomorphi

266
Q

What do lamprey have that surround the notochord?

A

cartilage segments that also arch over the nerve cord

267
Q

What are lamprey?

A

They are jawless fish that are the oldest living lineage of vertebrates

268
Q

What are conodonts?

A

They were the first chordate with skeletal elements in their mouth and pharynx

269
Q

What other organisms are jawless like the conodonts?

A

hagfish and lamprey

270
Q

What does the vertebral column protect in vertebrates?

A

The dorsal nerve cord

271
Q

What is the neural cord?

A

A unique group of embryonic cells that forms many vertebrate structures

272
Q

What does the endoskeleton do in vertebrates?

A

it is the cartilage and does extraordinary movements

273
Q

What are the names of the first fish that had mouths but no jaws? And when did they appear?

A

Pteraspis and Pharyngolepis they appeared 480 to 359 MYA

274
Q

What are Gnathostomes?

A

Jawed fish

275
Q

What system do Gnathostomes have that help them swim?

A

The lateral line system

276
Q

What did the jaws of the Gnathostomes evolve from?

A

from skeletal support of the pharyngeal slits

277
Q

What class contains the earliest jawed fishes? And what year did they appear?

A

Class arcanthodii they appeared 443 to 330 million years ago

278
Q

What class contains the earliest armored jawed fishes? And when did they appear?

A

Class Placodermi 440 MYA to 360 MYA

279
Q

What are Chondrichyes?

A

Are cartilaginous fish That became the dominant sea predators

280
Q

What makes Chondrichthyes superior swimmers?

A

a light, flexible, mostly cartilaginous endoskeleton, and paired fins

281
Q

What is oviparous reproduction in sharks?

A

sharks that lay eggs

282
Q

What is viviparous reproduction in sharks?

A

sharks that have live birth

283
Q

What is ovoviviparous reproduction in sharks?

A

sharks that have eggs that hatch in the uterus and are nourished in there

284
Q

When did bony fish evolve?

A

420 million years ago at the same time as sharks

285
Q

What did bony fish develop that help them dominate life in the water?

A

swim bladder and gill cover

286
Q

What material makes up the sharks teeth?

A

The same material that their scales are made of make up the material of their teeth

287
Q

How do Osteichythans (fish) breath?

A

By drawing water over gills

288
Q

What protects the gills in Osteichythans (fish)?

A

The operculum

289
Q

What do all Osteichythans (fish) have?

A

A bony endoskeleton

290
Q

How do Osteichythans (fish) control their bouyancy?

A

By their swim bladder

291
Q

What is gas addition in the swim bladder called?

A

The gas gland

292
Q

What is gas release called in the swim bladder?

A

Oval body

293
Q

What class are ray finned fishes in?

A

actinopterygii

294
Q

What are the fins surrounded by in finned fishes?

A

Long flexible rays

295
Q

What environment did ray finned fishes evolve from?

A

Fresh water environments

296
Q

What was the swim bladder originally before it involved into the swim bladder?

A

It was lungs in freshwater fishes before becoming the swim bladder

297
Q

What is the most diverse class of vertebrates?

A

class actinopterygii

298
Q

What class are lob finned fishes in?

A

class sarcopterygii

299
Q

What class did the amphibians evolve from?

A

class sarcopterygii (the lobe finned fishes)

300
Q

The bone structures in the fines of lobed finned fishes are similar to what other group of animals?

A

the tetrapods (amphibians)

301
Q

What are the three types of lungfish that we need to know for the exam? And where are they located? (NEED TO KNOW FOR THE EXAM)

A

neoceratodus (Australian lungfish)

Protopterus (African lungfish)

Lepidosiren (south African lungfish)

302
Q

What group of organisms do lobe finned fishes give rise to?

A

tetrapods (amphibians)

303
Q

The moist skin and the abundant capillaries in the skin help the amphibians do what?

A

cutaneous breathing (breathing through the skin)

304
Q

What other parts of the body that help breathing to amphibians have during some point in their lifecycle, or they have all of them simultaneously?

A

Gills and lungs

305
Q

How many chambers are in an amphibians heart? With what circuit is added to it?

A

three, and a pulmonary circuit

306
Q

How many chambers are in a fishes heart?

A

two chambers

307
Q

Is fertilization external or internal in frogs and toads?

A

External fertilization

308
Q

Is fertilization external or internal in Salamanders and Caecilians?

A

Internal fertilization

309
Q

What order are frogs and toads in?

A

The order Anura

310
Q

What order are salamanders in?

A

The order Urodela

311
Q

Where do tropical tree frogs lay their eggs?

A

On leaves that overhang the water

312
Q

What toad was rediscovered in 2011?

A

The Bornean rainbow toad (Ansonia Latidisca)

313
Q

What order do gymnophonians belong to? (the snake like amphibians)

A

The order Apoda

314
Q

What are classes are under the group amniotes?

A

Sauropsida and synapsida

315
Q

What group of animals are under the class Sauropsida?

A

Reptiles

316
Q

What group of animals are under the class synapsida?

A

Mammals

317
Q

What does the class synapsida have that makes them so unique?

A

The four extraembryonic membranes

318
Q

What do the four extraembryonic membranes do in the class synapsida?

A

aid in the development of the vertebrate embryo

319
Q

What do some mammals have in the class synapsida that helps protect the embryo?

A

They have shells that protect the embryo

320
Q

What ability do amniotes have?

A

the ability to adapt to dry land with attributes that include the amniotic egg or internal development with the extraembryonic membranes

321
Q

What are the extraembryonic membranes in relation to the ability that amniotes have?

A

they are dry skin covered with scales or hair, a good circulatory system, and lungs

322
Q

What are the four the extraembryonic membranes in the amniotic egg?

A
  1. chorion
  2. amnion
  3. Yolk sac
  4. Allantois
323
Q

What are the functions of the four extraembryonic membranes in the amniotic egg?

A
  1. chorion (that exchange respiratory gases and retention of water)
  2. amnion (is a fluid filled cavity for protection of the embryo)
  3. Yolk sac (provides food for the embryo fish and amphibians also have this)
  4. Allantois (this segregates nitrogenous waste from embryo)
324
Q

How are reptiles distinguished?

A

By the number of opening on the side of the skull behind the eye orbit which are called Fenestrae

325
Q

What do the openings on the side of the skull (fenestrae) do in reptiles?

A

They allows room for muscle expansion for jaw movement

326
Q

What group of animal is an Anasids? and how many fenestrae (the opening behind the eye orbit) do they have?

A

Turtles, and they have NO fenestrae they ONLY have an eye orbit

327
Q

What group of animal is a Synapsids? and how many fenestrae (the opening behind the eye orbit) do they have?

A

Mammals and they have ONE fenestrae

328
Q

What group of animal is a Diapsids? and how many fenestrae (the opening behind the eye orbit) do they have?

A

Every other organism and they have two fenestrae

329
Q

What 3 key features do Sauropsida (the reptiles) have?

A
  1. amniotic eggs
  2. Dry skin
  3. Thoracic breathing
330
Q

What do the 3 key features of
Sauropsida (the reptiles) do? (like their definition)

A
  1. amniotic eggs (which are watertight but not all sauropsids had the shelled eggs but evolved internal development)
  2. Dry skin (which covers body and prevents water loss)
  3. Thoracic breathing (which increases lung capacity which is controlled by body and muscle movement)
331
Q

What does Archosauria mean?

A

Ruling dinosaurs

332
Q

What ancient species did Archosauria give rise to? And explain the timeline on how what species came from eachother.

A

They gave rise to dinosaurs then crocodilians then pterosaurs then to birds

333
Q

When did dinosaurs become extinct? and by what cause?

A

65 MYA from multicausa

334
Q

What are the 10 theories behind Multicausa?

A
  1. Changes in global and regional climatic patterns
  2. Worldwide volcanism
  3. disease effecting populations
  4. plants evolved
  5. plate tectonic movement
  6. changes in the ocean and freshwater
  7. Global marine regression and transgression
  8. impact theory (the meteorite impacting the earth)
  9. Human interaction
  10. continents separating
335
Q

During what period did flying reptiles appear?

A

During the Triassic period

336
Q

During what period did flying reptiles, and dinosaurs disappear?

A

At the end of the cretaceous period (65MYA)

337
Q

What are Pterosauria in biology terms?

A

they are diapsids that evolved flight

338
Q

The archosaurs evolved from what common ancestry?

A

The ancestry that gave rise to dinosaurs

339
Q

Are archosaurs technically dinosaurs?

A

NO they are not

340
Q

The forelimbs of archosaurs are closely related to what other animal?

A

Birds and bats

341
Q

How old are the oldest dinosaurs?

A

243 MYA

342
Q

What lineage do alligators and crocodiles belong to?

A

the archosaur lineage

343
Q

What time period does the archosaur lineage date back to?

A

The late Triassic period

344
Q

By what process do all living sauropsids (reptiles) get their heat?

A

By ectothermic poikilotherms

345
Q

What is ectothermic poikilotherms?

A

The way in which reptiles obtain and maintain heat from external sources (cold blooded)

346
Q

What super order are lizards and snakes under?

A

lepidosauria-diapsids

347
Q

What animals are in the super order Chelonia?

A

Contain turtles and tortoises (anapsida)

348
Q

What animals are in the order Rhynchocephalia?

A

Contain tuataras (diapsida)

349
Q

What do Tauraras have that make them special? (what body part)

A

A parietal eye

350
Q

What are snakes descendants of?

A

Lizards

351
Q

What are the names of the reptiles that went back to the sea?

A

Plesiosauria, lcthyosauria, and placodontia

352
Q

What are the 2 major derived traits in birds?

A

feathers and keeled sternum

353
Q

Are birds endothermic or exothermic?

A

Endothermic

354
Q

What are feathers made out of?

A

Keratin

355
Q

What do birds have that help with breathing that are not lungs? And what does it do?

A

2 Air sacs, and they extend the oxygen to the bones of the bird

356
Q

What are the 4 general derived characteristics of birds?

A
  1. efficient respiration,
  2. efficient circulation (four chambered heart),
  3. are endothermic and have endothermic genes,
  4. they have pneumatic bones
357
Q

What is the general name for Archaeopteryx?

A

Bird dinosaur

358
Q

What are the characteristics of Archaeopteryx (bird dinosaurs)?

A

skull with teeth
feathers on wings and a tail with vertebrae
they have hollow bones

359
Q

What are the direct descendants of Archaeopteryx?

A

Theropod dinosaurs

360
Q
A

Biology (11 decks)

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