Biology UVU Exam 3 Flashcards
1
Q
What are some characteristics that define animals?
A
- Lack cell walls
- Heterotrophs
- Multicellular eukaryotes
- Bodies are held together by collagens and structural proteins
- Nervous tissues and muscle tissues are unique to animals
2
Q
What happens after a sperm fertilizes an egg?
A
the zygote undergoes rapid cell division called cleavage
3
Q
What happens after cleavage?
A
Then cleavage leads to formation of a blastula
4
Q
What happens after the blastula is formed?
A
undergoes gastrulation forming a gastrula with different layers of embryonic tissues.
5
Q
What do hox genes regulate in animals?
A
regulate the development of body plans
6
Q
What do hox genes produce?
A
can produce a wide diversity of animal morphology
7
Q
What are some examples on how hox genes work?
A
the number of legs an insect has, the number of vertebrae in a vertebral column or the number of joints in a finger are all strongly influence by hox genes (look at hox gene pic on the phone)
8
Q
The common ancestor to living animals has some resemblance to what in animals? (similarities they have with each other)
A
resembled modern choanoflagellates, flagellated protists that are the closest relatives of animals
9
Q
How many years ago did the common ancestors of the living animals live?
A
675 and 875 million years ago
10
Q
What are the early fossils of living animals called? And how old are they?
A
Ediacaran biota, 635 to 542 million years ago
11
Q
What type of tissue do living animal fossils have?
A
Soft tissues
12
Q
What does the Cambrian radiation mark as a milestone?
A
the earliest fossil appearance of all the major groups and the major animal body of living animals
13
Q
How many phyla existed in the Cambrian period?
A
100
14
Q
How many phyla do we have today?
A
36
15
Q
What was the cause of the Cambrian radiation? (530 to 510)
A
- New predator prey relationships
- A rise in atmospheric oxygen
- The evolution of the hox gene complex (gene duplication)
- Development of biomineralized and chitinous endo and exo skeletons and the development of different modes of locomotion
16
Q
What event in time helped give rise to modern lineages like jellyfishes, arthropods, mollusks, worms and animals with modern body plans and hard skeletal parts?
A
The great adaptive radiation (542 to 488)
17
Q
In what time period did the animal diversity increase?
A
The Paleozoic period
18
Q
What stunted/slowed down the animal diversity during the Paleozoic time period?
A
Mass extinction
19
Q
When did animals make an impact on land?
A
460 million years ago
20
Q
When did vertebrates make the transition to land?
A
360 million years ago
21
Q
What happened during the Mesozoic era that is significant?(like what organisms appeared first and what was organism was dominant)
A
- Coral reefs emerged which became an important marine ecological ninches for other organisms
- Dinosaurs were dominant vertebrates
- The first mammals emerged
22
Q
How to zoologists categorize animals?
A
According to their body plan
23
Q
What is a grade in scientific terms?
A
is a group whose members share key biological features or a similar body plan like whales and sharks
24
Q
What is a body plan?
A
a set of morphological and developmental traits
25
How is radial symmetry split?
it is bisected into two halves
26
How are body parts arranged in radial symmetry?
body parts arranged around central axis
27
How do animals move when they are radial symmetric?
animals would move based on wind and water currents
28
What bisects the animal into two equal halves in bilateral symmetry?
The sagittal plane
29
How do animals move that have bilateral symmetry?
They move in a direction
30
How are the different sections broken up in bilateral symmetry?
Dorsal (top) ventral (bottom) anterior (head) posterior (tail)
31
What is Cephalization?
The development of a head
32
What is the outer germ layer that they Eumetazoa produce? And what does it cover?
the ectoderm which covers the embryo surface (body coverings and nervous system)
33
how many germ layers does the Eumetazoa produce?
Three germ layers
34
What is the inner germ layer that they Eumetazoa produce? And what does it line?
The endoderm is the innermost germ layer and lines the developing digestive tube called the archenteron (digestive organs and intestines)
35
What is the middle germ layer that the Eumetazoa produce? And what is part of this layer?
mesoderm The skeleton and muscles
36
What is Diploblastic?
- Animals that have the two germ layers ectoderm and endoderm
- Cnidarians have the endoderm layer and the ectoderm layer
37
What is Triploblastic?
- Animals also have an intervening mesoderm layer
- Have three germ layers (humans)
38
What type of organisms have a body cavity and which ones do not have a body cavity?
Acoelomates
Pseudocoelomates
Coelomates
Acoelomates - NO body cavity
Pseudocoelomates- YES have a body cavity
Coelomates - YES have a body cavity
39
Where is the body cavity located in Pseudocoelomates?
between the mesoderm and endoderm
40
What layer is the body cavity located in, in Coelomates and what is it called?
within the mesoderm called the coelom
41
What two groups can Bilaterians can be divided into?
Protostomes and Deuterostomes
42
What do Protostomes develop first?
The mouth from the blastopore
43
During what process does the mouth form in Protostomes?
during gastrulation
44
What also develops on the other side of the embryo IF it is present in Protostomes?
The annus
45
What do Deuterostomes develop first?
develop the anus first from the blastopore
46
During what process does the mouth form in Protostomes?
during gastrulation
47
What develops later in Deuterostomes on the other side of the embryo?
mouth develops later from the other side of the embryo
48
Out of the two groups of Bilaterians, what group are humans?
Deuterostomes
49
What group forms indirectly from archenteron?
echinoderms and chordates
50
What are the differences between Deuterostomes and Protostomes?
Cleavage patterns of embryotic cells, Developmental fate of cells
51
What are the cleavage patterns of embryotic cells in Deuterostomes and Protostomes?
- Protostomes (form mouth first) = spiral cleavage
- Deuterostomes (form mouth second) = radial cleavage
52
What are the Developmental fate of cells in Deuterostomes and Protostomes?
- Protostomes = determinate growth
- Deuterostomes = indeterminate growth (identical twins and embryotic stem cells) (each cell in the early stages of cleavage retains the capacity to develop into a complete embryo)
53
Do sponges have true tissues?
No they do not have true tissues
54
What clade has true tissues?
Eumetazoa
55
What phyla are in the Eumetazoans clade?
Ctenophora and Cnidaria
56
What organisms/characteristics are in the phyla Ctenophora?
(comb jellies) (triploblastic) (distinct embryonic and tissue layers) (radial symmetry)
57
What organisms/characteristics are in the phyla Cnidaria?
(jellyfish) (diploblastic) (distinct embryonic and tissue layers) (radial symmetry)
58
Most animal phyla belong to what clade?
Bilateria
59
What are some characteristics for the clade Bilateria?
(bilateral symmetry) (triploblastic) (distinct embryonic and tissue layers)
60
What clade do Chordates and echinoderms belong to?
the clade Deuterostomia
61
What is the process that Ecdysozoans do to shed their exoskeletons?
a process called ecdysis
62
What feeding structure do some ?lophotrochozoans have
a feeding structure called a lophophore
63
What is the distinct developmental stage called that some phyla go through?
trochophore stage
64
What are some characteristics that invertebrates have?
- Are animals that lack a backbone
- They account for 95% of known animal species
65
What type of organisms are always protostomes?
Acoelomates and pseudocoelomates
66
Coelomates can either be what?
protostomes or deuterostomes
67
What organism/animal is the largest group of invertebrates?
Fish
68
What phylum are sponges under?
Phylum porifera
69
What do sponges lack?
True tissues and organs
70
What type of feeder are sponges? And how do they catch their food?
suspension feeders capturing food particles suspended in the water that pass through their body
71
What are Choanocytes in sponges? What do they do?
(flagellated collar cells generate a water current through the sponge and trap and ingest suspended food from the circulating water)
72
What is the part of the sponge called that draws water into the sponge?
the spongocoel
73
What is the part of the sponge called that lets out water from the sponge?
the osculum
74
What type of layer do sponges consist of?
a noncellular mesophyll layer between two cell layers
75
What is found in the mesophyll layer in sponges?
Amoebocytes
76
What is the role of the Amoebocytes in the mesophyll?
play roles in digestion and structure
77
What is made/manufactured in the Amoebocytes?
spicules of calcium carbonate or silicon dioxide and/or proteinaceous spongin and chitin
78
What are most sponges?
Most sponges are hermaphrodites
79
What does hermaphrodites mean?
It is where an organism can function as a male or female
80
What do sponges synthesize?
cribrostatin
81
What kind of properties does cribrostatin contain?
antibiotic properties
82
What kind of body plan do
Cnidarians have?
a simple diploblastic (two embryonic tissues ectoderm and exoderm tissues) and a radially symmetrical body plan
83
What organisms/animals do Cnidarians include?
motile forms like jellies corals and hydras
84
Whatdo Cnidarians have that makes their basic body plan so special?
a sac with central digestive compartment which is known as the gastrovascular cavity
85
What are the two variations on the body plans of the cnidarians?
the sessile polyp and motile medusa
86
What are the tentacles armed with in Cnidarians? And what do they do?
with cnidocytes unique cells that function in defense and capture prey
87
What are the specialized organelles called within cnidarians? and what do they do?
Nematocysts that eject a stinging thread
88
What are the 4 classes of Cnidarians?
- Hydrozoa (hydroids) go between the polyp and medusa forms (remember the moon jellyfish)
- Syphozoa (jellyfish) rounded medusae
- Cubozoa (box jellyfish and sea wasp) is boxed shaped and has complex eyes
- Anthozoa (corals and sea anemones)
89
What does the class Anthozoa include?
Include corals and sea anemones
90
Are sea anemones and corals polyp or medusa form?
In polyps
91
How were Lophtrochozoa identified?
by molecular data
92
What feeding structures do Lophtrochozoa have?
called lophophore
93
What developmental stage do Lophtrochozoa go through?
the trochophore stage
94
What other feeding structure do Lophtrochozoa have?
They also have a horseshoe-shaped suspension-feeding organ with ciliated tentacles
95
Where does gas exchange take place in flatworms?
takes place across the surface
96
What does protonephridia do in flatworms?
regulate the osmotic balance
97
What are flatworms classified as?
They are They are acoelomates
98
What are the best known
Turbellarians called?
planarians (the ones that have googely eyes)
99
Are Turbellarians parasitic?
No they are not
100
What is the nervous system like in planarians?
more complex and are centralized
101
Where do Monogeneans and trematodes live? And are they parasitic?
live as parasites in or on other animals. YES they are parasitic
102
What do trematodes do?
parasitize humans
103
Where do trematodes spend part of their lives?
in snail hosts
104
What is a good control method that trematodes do?
is to reduce the freshwater snail population
105
What are trematodes also called?
blood flukes
106
What are Monogeneans?
- Are ectoparasites in fish
107
Genus do blood fluke belong to?
Schistosoma
108
How many people do blood flukes effect? And where in the world?
1 in 20 of the worlds population, tropical Asia, Africa, Latin America, and the middle east
109
How many species cause the disease schistosomiasis?
three species
110
What do parasitic worms coat themselves in?
with the hosts own antigens
111
Are tapeworms parasites? and what do they lack?
Yes they are and they lack a digestive system
112
Where do tapeworms get their nutrients from?
The intestines of their hosts body
113
How do fertilized eggs from the tapeworm leave the hosts body?
Through the hosts feces
114
How do tapeworms reproduce?
Sexually
115
How can you tell that you have tapeworms?
whitish rectangular objects full of small white spheres in the feces accompanied by fatigue and loss of body weigh
116
What is used to fight against tapeworms to help you get better?
With niclosamide
117
What are rotifers?
- Are tiny animals that inhabit fresh water, the ocean, and damp soil
118
What kind of organ system do rotifers have?
A specialized one
119
What does the mouth of rotifers contain?
The mouth has tiny cilia
120
What do rotifers contain?
an alimentary canal with a separate mouth and anus
121
What type of tube is an alimentary canal in rotifers?
A digestive tube
122
Where is the alimentary canal and the mouth and anus located in the rotifers?
In a fluid filled pseudocoelom
123
How do rotifers reproduce?
by parthenogenesis in which females produce offspring from unfertilized eggs
124
What are ectoprocts?
- Are colonial animals that superficially resemble plants
125
What incases the colony of ectoprocts?
A hard exoskeleton encases the colony and some species are reef builders
126
What do Brachiopods resemble?
They resemble clams and other hinge-shelled mollusks but the two halves of the shell are dorsal and ventral rather than lateral as in clams
127
What animals are in the phylum Mollusca?
Are snails, slugs, oysters and clams
128
What are the three main parts of the mollusks?
muscular foot, visceral mass, and mantle
129
What kind of cavity do most mollusks have?
A water filled cavity
130
What are the three classes within the phylum mollusca?
polyplacophorachitons, gastropoda snails and cephalopoda squids
131
What do mollusks use to feed?
By using a rasplike radula
132
What stage does the life cycle of mollusks contain/include?
a ciliated larval stage called a trochophore and eventually a true coelom
133
What does polyplacophora stand for/mean?
many, plate, bear or carry
134
What do polyplacophora consist of?
Consists of chitons that are oval shaped and are marine animals encased in an armor of eight shells
135
What do most gastropods have?
Single spiraled shells
136
What is the most distinctive characteristic of gastropods?
they have torsions
137
What do torsions cause?
causes the animals anus and mantle to end up above its head (it poops on its head)
138
What do cone snails have that make them special?
have a extremely potent toxin called conotoxin and have the worlds fastest mutating genes
139
What can cone snail proteins be used for?
Pain killer drugs
140
What animals are in the class Bivalvia?
Include many species of clams, oysters, mussels, and scallops
141
How many halves do Bivalvia have?
2
142
What kind of feeders are Bivalvians?
Suspension feeders
143
What animals are in the class Cephalopoda?
squid, cuttlefish, and octopuses
144
What special features do Cephalopoda's have?
they change colors using pouches of pigments and reflective surfaces
145
What do cone snails contain that make them special?
They have a potent toxin called conotoxin, and they have the worlds fastest mutating genes. And they have proteins used for pain killer drugs
146
What types of organisms/animals does the class bivalvia contain?
clams, oysters, mussels, and scallops
147
How many halves does the class bivalvia have?
2 halves
148
What type of feeders are the class bivalvia?
suspension feeders
149
What type of organisms/animals does the class cephalopoda contain?
squid, cuttlefish, and octopuses and have tentacles
150
How do cephalopods change colors?
by using pouches of pigments and reflective surfaces called chromatophores
151
What do nematodes lack?
specialized respiratory organs
152
How do nematodes exchange oxygen?
Through their cuticle
153
What organisms are in the class nematodes?
active hunters preying on protists and other small animals and many are parasites on animals and plants (pinworms and hookworms)
154
Where does fertilized female trichinella live?
The intestines of pigs where they burrow down
155
How much young do fertilized female trichinella produce in the intestinal wall of pigs?
1500 young
156
After the young that the fertilized female trichinella produce where do they go?
They enter the lymph channels
157
What do the young that the fertilized female trichinella produce form after they enter the lymph channels?
They form cysts in muscle tissues
158
What happens when humans eat undercooked pork?
The trichinella form cysts in human muscle tissue
159
What does the body plan consist of in arthropods?
a segmented body, hard exoskeleton and jointed appendages
160
What time event period do arthropods go back to?
to the Cambrian explosion (530-510 million years ago)
161
What do all arthropods have/
jointed appendages
162
What are the exoskeletons made out of in arthropods?
made out of layers of protein and polysaccharide (mucopolysaccharide) chitin
163
What are the functions of the exoskeleton in arthropods?
Protection, muscle attachment, locomotion, impedes water loss
164
How does locomotion work in the exoskeleton with the arthropod?
Muscles work against the exoskeleton that help it move
165
What limits an arthropods size?
The thickness of the exoskeleton
166
What kind of circulatory system do arthropods have?
an open circulatory system
167
What fluid does the open circulatory system sit in arthropods?
hemolymph fluid
168
What is hemocoel in arthropods?
where the coelom can no longer play a major role in locomotion only in blood circulation
169
What are cheliceriforms named for?
named for claw like feeding appendages
170
What are the feeding appendages called in cheliceriforms?
Chelicerae
171
What were the earliest cheliceriforms called?
eurypterids
172
What animal is the last living marine cheliceriform?
The horseshoe crab
173
What part of the horseshoe crab do we use for research? and what for?
Their blood to test drugs and implants
174
What happens to the horseshoe crabs blood when it comes into contact with bacteria?
It gels up to create a barrier so bacteria or any other toxin cannot get into the horseshoe crab and cause a disease or anything like that
175
What are the most modern form of cheliceriforms called and are closely related?
Arachnida
176
How does gas exchange occur in spiders?
In respiratory organs called book lungs
177
What organisms/animals are in the class arachnida?
Spiders, scorpions, ticks, and mites
178
What are ganglia in octopuses?
transfers the information going in and out of the brain
179
What type of circulatory system do cephalopods have?
A closed circulatory system
180
What are shelled cephalopods called?
ammonites belemnites and nautiloids
181
When did ammonites belemnites and nautiloids become extinct?
at the end of the cretaceous period
182
What type of body do annelids have?
A body composed of fused rings
183
What are the three phylum in annelids? And what animals/organisms do they contain?
Oligochaeta- Earthworms
polychaeta - polychaetas
Hirudinea - leeches
184
What are Oligochaeta named for?
their sparse chaetae bristles
185
In Oligochaeta, what are their sparse chaetae bristles made out of?
Chitin
186
How do earthworms move?
Longitudinal and circular muscles and chaetae (bristles) move the earthworm like a slinky
187
What do polychaetas have that make them special?
- They have paddle-like parapodia that work as gills and aid in moving
188
What class are leeches in?
the class hirudinea
189
What are leeches?
Blood sucking parasites
190
What chemical do leeches secrete? And what does the chemical do?
Leeches secrete a chemical called hirudin to prevent blood from coagulating
191
What doe medical leeches secrete?
Anticoagulant
192
What are Ecdysozoans covered in?
a tough coat called a cuticle
193
How is the cuticle shed or molted in Ecdysozoans?
through a process called edysis
194
What are nematodes?
Roundworms
195
How many species of nematodes are there? And where are they found?
20,00 species and are found in marine, freshwater and soil habitats
196
What type of body plan do nematodes have?
a bilaterally symmetrical and unsegmented body plan
197
What do nematodes have that they are characterized by?
They have an alimentary canal and have a pseudocoelom
198
What system do nematodes lack?
A circulatory system, and special respiratory organs
199
What are nematodes covered in?
Nematodes are covered in flexible, thick cuticle (collagen protein)
200
What do nematodes go through as they grow?
A process called edysis
201
How do nematodes exchange oxygen?
Through their cuticles
202
What significant characteristic do myriapods have?
They have jaw-like mandibles
203
What order are millipedes in?
The order Diplopoda
204
How many legs are in each trunk segment of millipedes?
2 pairs of legs (4 legs)
205
What do the glands smell like in millipedes?
Bitter almonds
206
What order are centipedes in?
The order Chilipoda
207
How many legs are in each trunk segment of centipedes?
1 pair of legs (2 legs)
208
What super class and class have more species than other forms of life combined?
Super class hexapoda and class insecta
209
What feature that insects have is key in insects?
Flight is key
210
What do insects undergo during their development?
Metamorphosis
211
What is the difference between incomplete metamorphosis and complete metamorphosis?
Incomplete metamorphosis: They look the same as when they are fully grown just smaller. So they start out looking the same but small then grow bigger as they grow up (like snakes and other insects like grasshoppers)
Complete metamorphosis: They have large larval stages that do not look like anything like when they grow up as an adult (like caterpillars)
212
How were insects in the carboniferous period grow to such large sizes?
Because there was an increase of high oxygen back in that time period that allowed insects to have larger respiratory systems which allowed them to grow big. ALSO SUPER IMPORTANT the trachea had musculature (muscles) which helped with oxygen delivery to the internal tissues
213
Why are insects smaller today?
Because there are not a lot of oxygen in the atmosphere and the trachea in the insects do not have musculature (muscles)
214
What class are crustaceans in?
Class crustacea
215
What do the branched appendages do in crustaceans?
specialized for feeding and locomotion and posses two pairs of antennae
216
What subclass are isopods and decapods in?
Malacostraca
217
What animals are well known that are in the group isopods and decapods?
Isopods: Pill bugs
Decapods: lobsters, crabs and, shrimps
218
What organism is a copepod?
Planktonic crustanceans
219
What organisms are in the subclass ciripedia?
Barnacles
220
What do organisms in the subclass ciripedia have that is hardened into a shell?
A cuticle
221
Are Chordates and Echinoderms protostomes or deuterostomes?
Deuterostomes
222
What are ossicles in the Echinoderms?
They are the endoskeleton dermal plates beneath the skin
223
What covers the ossicles in the phylum Echinodermata?
The thin epidermis layer
224
Describe how the Echinoderms move
The are slow moving or sessile
225
What makes their water vascular system so unique in echinoderms?
They have hydraulic canals that branch into tube feet
226
What do the hydraulic canals that branch into tube feet do in echinoderms?
They function for locomotion, feeding, and gas exchange
227
Do echinoderms have a circulatory system?
No they do not have a true circulatory system
228
What body parts/ systems do echinoderms lack? And what systems do they have?
They do not have a head or brain, but they do have a nervous system but they do not have circulatory system
229
What type of symmetry do echinoderms have when they are larvae? And what type do they have when they are adults?
As larvae they have bilateral symmetry and as adults they have radial symmetry
230
What group of echinoderms have the only sessile members of echinoderms?
Crinoids
231
Are sea lilies mobile?
Yes
232
What is the saying if vertebrates and chordates that is going to be a test question? (remember this word for word)
All vertebrates are chordates, but not all chordates are vertebrates, some are lacking a vertebral column
233
What clade do chordates belong to?
Deuterostomia
234
What are the three subphyla in the phyla chordates?
urochordates and cephalochordates and vertebrata
235
Which subphyla in the phyla chordates are closely related to vertebrates?
urochordates
236
What are the 4 key characteristics of chordates?
1. notochord 2. dorsal, hollow nerve cord 3. muscular, post-anal tail 4. Pharyngeal clefts or pouches
237
What stage of life do some chordates only show these 4 key characteristics?
Embryonic development
238
What is the notochord? And where is it located?
It is a longitudinal, flexible rod between the digestive tube and nerve cord
239
Where are the remnants of the notochord in adult chordates?
In the vertebral discs
240
What does the dorsal, hollow nerve cord develop from?
a plate of ectodermal tissue that rolls into a tube
241
What does the dorsal, hollow nerve cord develop into?
the central nervous system the brain and the spinal cord
242
What do the pharyngeal clefts develop into?
They develop into slits that open to the outside of the body
243
What was the 1st functions of the pharyngeal slits? Then what was the function as it evolved?
The first function they developed into filters/suspension feeders that are gill-like structures. Then they evolved into functions for respiration
244
What other function can the pharyngeal slits do in semiaquatic and aquatic animals? And where did they develop?
Gas exchange, into parts of the ear, head, and neck
245
What did one pair of pharyngeal slits become?
The Eustachian tubes
246
What is greatly reduced in chordates during embryonic development? (it is one of the 4 key characteristics)
Muscular, post-Anal tail
247
What organism is highlighted/ in the subphylum Cephalochordata?
Lancelets
248
What are lancelets?
- They are marine suspension feeders that retain characteristics of the chordate body plan as adults
249
Are lancelets ancestors of vertebrates?
NO THEY ARE NOT THEY ARE contemporaries
250
What persists with the lancelet throughout their life? (it is one of the 4 characteristics of Chordates)
The notochord
251
What are some characteristics of lancelets?
They are scaleless, pigment less, and have an anterior and posterior end, with no distinguishable head
252
What animal do cephalochordates swim like?
Like fishes
253
When did the first fossils of cephalochordates appear?
550 million years ago
254
What subphylum are tunicates in?
Urochordata
255
What are tunicates closely related to?
to other vertebrate chordates
256
What surrounds the tunicates
A secreted tunic
257
What are craniates?
They are chordates with a head
258
What did the pharyngeal clefts evolve into in aquatic craniates?
Into gill slits
259
What characteristics do all craniates share?
A skull, brain, eyes and other sensory organs
260
What is the neural crest considered in craniates?
A 4th type of embryonic tissue
261
What structures does the neural crest make?
Bones and cartilage of the skull
262
What did vertebrates go through that made their genes more complex?
Gene duplication
263
What gene cause this gene duplication in vertebrates?
the Dix family gene
264
What did the Dix family gene make/innovate in vertebrates?
the nervous system and skeleton, and a more extensive skull and a backbone composed of vertebra
265
What class are lamprey in?
They are in the class cephalapidomorphi
266
What do lamprey have that surround the notochord?
cartilage segments that also arch over the nerve cord
267
What are lamprey?
They are jawless fish that are the oldest living lineage of vertebrates
268
What are conodonts?
They were the first chordate with skeletal elements in their mouth and pharynx
269
What other organisms are jawless like the conodonts?
hagfish and lamprey
270
What does the vertebral column protect in vertebrates?
The dorsal nerve cord
271
What is the neural cord?
A unique group of embryonic cells that forms many vertebrate structures
272
What does the endoskeleton do in vertebrates?
it is the cartilage and does extraordinary movements
273
What are the names of the first fish that had mouths but no jaws? And when did they appear?
Pteraspis and Pharyngolepis they appeared 480 to 359 MYA
274
What are Gnathostomes?
Jawed fish
275
What system do Gnathostomes have that help them swim?
The lateral line system
276
What did the jaws of the Gnathostomes evolve from?
from skeletal support of the pharyngeal slits
277
What class contains the earliest jawed fishes? And what year did they appear?
Class arcanthodii they appeared 443 to 330 million years ago
278
What class contains the earliest armored jawed fishes? And when did they appear?
Class Placodermi 440 MYA to 360 MYA
279
What are Chondrichyes?
Are cartilaginous fish That became the dominant sea predators
280
What makes Chondrichthyes superior swimmers?
a light, flexible, mostly cartilaginous endoskeleton, and paired fins
281
What is oviparous reproduction in sharks?
sharks that lay eggs
282
What is viviparous reproduction in sharks?
sharks that have live birth
283
What is ovoviviparous reproduction in sharks?
sharks that have eggs that hatch in the uterus and are nourished in there
284
When did bony fish evolve?
420 million years ago at the same time as sharks
285
What did bony fish develop that help them dominate life in the water?
swim bladder and gill cover
286
What material makes up the sharks teeth?
The same material that their scales are made of make up the material of their teeth
287
How do Osteichythans (fish) breath?
By drawing water over gills
288
What protects the gills in Osteichythans (fish)?
The operculum
289
What do all Osteichythans (fish) have?
A bony endoskeleton
290
How do Osteichythans (fish) control their bouyancy?
By their swim bladder
291
What is gas addition in the swim bladder called?
The gas gland
292
What is gas release called in the swim bladder?
Oval body
293
What class are ray finned fishes in?
actinopterygii
294
What are the fins surrounded by in finned fishes?
Long flexible rays
295
What environment did ray finned fishes evolve from?
Fresh water environments
296
What was the swim bladder originally before it involved into the swim bladder?
It was lungs in freshwater fishes before becoming the swim bladder
297
What is the most diverse class of vertebrates?
class actinopterygii
298
What class are lob finned fishes in?
class sarcopterygii
299
What class did the amphibians evolve from?
class sarcopterygii (the lobe finned fishes)
300
The bone structures in the fines of lobed finned fishes are similar to what other group of animals?
the tetrapods (amphibians)
301
What are the three types of lungfish that we need to know for the exam? And where are they located? (NEED TO KNOW FOR THE EXAM)
neoceratodus (Australian lungfish)
Protopterus (African lungfish)
Lepidosiren (south African lungfish)
302
What group of organisms do lobe finned fishes give rise to?
tetrapods (amphibians)
303
The moist skin and the abundant capillaries in the skin help the amphibians do what?
cutaneous breathing (breathing through the skin)
304
What other parts of the body that help breathing to amphibians have during some point in their lifecycle, or they have all of them simultaneously?
Gills and lungs
305
How many chambers are in an amphibians heart? With what circuit is added to it?
three, and a pulmonary circuit
306
How many chambers are in a fishes heart?
two chambers
307
Is fertilization external or internal in frogs and toads?
External fertilization
308
Is fertilization external or internal in Salamanders and Caecilians?
Internal fertilization
309
What order are frogs and toads in?
The order Anura
310
What order are salamanders in?
The order Urodela
311
Where do tropical tree frogs lay their eggs?
On leaves that overhang the water
312
What toad was rediscovered in 2011?
The Bornean rainbow toad (Ansonia Latidisca)
313
What order do gymnophonians belong to? (the snake like amphibians)
The order Apoda
314
What are classes are under the group amniotes?
Sauropsida and synapsida
315
What group of animals are under the class Sauropsida?
Reptiles
316
What group of animals are under the class synapsida?
Mammals
317
What does the class synapsida have that makes them so unique?
The four extraembryonic membranes
318
What do the four extraembryonic membranes do in the class synapsida?
aid in the development of the vertebrate embryo
319
What do some mammals have in the class synapsida that helps protect the embryo?
They have shells that protect the embryo
320
What ability do amniotes have?
the ability to adapt to dry land with attributes that include the amniotic egg or internal development with the extraembryonic membranes
321
What are the extraembryonic membranes in relation to the ability that amniotes have?
they are dry skin covered with scales or hair, a good circulatory system, and lungs
322
What are the four the extraembryonic membranes in the amniotic egg?
1. chorion
2. amnion
3. Yolk sac
4. Allantois
323
What are the functions of the four extraembryonic membranes in the amniotic egg?
1. chorion (that exchange respiratory gases and retention of water)
2. amnion (is a fluid filled cavity for protection of the embryo)
3. Yolk sac (provides food for the embryo fish and amphibians also have this)
4. Allantois (this segregates nitrogenous waste from embryo)
324
How are reptiles distinguished?
By the number of opening on the side of the skull behind the eye orbit which are called Fenestrae
325
What do the openings on the side of the skull (fenestrae) do in reptiles?
They allows room for muscle expansion for jaw movement
326
What group of animal is an Anasids? and how many fenestrae (the opening behind the eye orbit) do they have?
Turtles, and they have NO fenestrae they ONLY have an eye orbit
327
What group of animal is a Synapsids? and how many fenestrae (the opening behind the eye orbit) do they have?
Mammals and they have ONE fenestrae
328
What group of animal is a Diapsids? and how many fenestrae (the opening behind the eye orbit) do they have?
Every other organism and they have two fenestrae
329
What 3 key features do Sauropsida (the reptiles) have?
1. amniotic eggs
2. Dry skin
3. Thoracic breathing
330
What do the 3 key features of
Sauropsida (the reptiles) do? (like their definition)
1. amniotic eggs (which are watertight but not all sauropsids had the shelled eggs but evolved internal development)
2. Dry skin (which covers body and prevents water loss)
3. Thoracic breathing (which increases lung capacity which is controlled by body and muscle movement)
331
What does Archosauria mean?
Ruling dinosaurs
332
What ancient species did Archosauria give rise to? And explain the timeline on how what species came from eachother.
They gave rise to dinosaurs then crocodilians then pterosaurs then to birds
333
When did dinosaurs become extinct? and by what cause?
65 MYA from multicausa
334
What are the 10 theories behind Multicausa?
1. Changes in global and regional climatic patterns
2. Worldwide volcanism
3. disease effecting populations
4. plants evolved
5. plate tectonic movement
6. changes in the ocean and freshwater
7. Global marine regression and transgression
8. impact theory (the meteorite impacting the earth)
9. Human interaction
10. continents separating
335
During what period did flying reptiles appear?
During the Triassic period
336
During what period did flying reptiles, and dinosaurs disappear?
At the end of the cretaceous period (65MYA)
337
What are Pterosauria in biology terms?
they are diapsids that evolved flight
338
The archosaurs evolved from what common ancestry?
The ancestry that gave rise to dinosaurs
339
Are archosaurs technically dinosaurs?
NO they are not
340
The forelimbs of archosaurs are closely related to what other animal?
Birds and bats
341
How old are the oldest dinosaurs?
243 MYA
342
What lineage do alligators and crocodiles belong to?
the archosaur lineage
343
What time period does the archosaur lineage date back to?
The late Triassic period
344
By what process do all living sauropsids (reptiles) get their heat?
By ectothermic poikilotherms
345
What is ectothermic poikilotherms?
The way in which reptiles obtain and maintain heat from external sources (cold blooded)
346
What super order are lizards and snakes under?
lepidosauria-diapsids
347
What animals are in the super order Chelonia?
Contain turtles and tortoises (anapsida)
348
What animals are in the order Rhynchocephalia?
Contain tuataras (diapsida)
349
What do Tauraras have that make them special? (what body part)
A parietal eye
350
What are snakes descendants of?
Lizards
351
What are the names of the reptiles that went back to the sea?
Plesiosauria, lcthyosauria, and placodontia
352
What are the 2 major derived traits in birds?
feathers and keeled sternum
353
Are birds endothermic or exothermic?
Endothermic
354
What are feathers made out of?
Keratin
355
What do birds have that help with breathing that are not lungs? And what does it do?
2 Air sacs, and they extend the oxygen to the bones of the bird
356
What are the 4 general derived characteristics of birds?
1. efficient respiration,
2. efficient circulation (four chambered heart),
3. are endothermic and have endothermic genes,
4. they have pneumatic bones
357
What is the general name for Archaeopteryx?
Bird dinosaur
358
What are the characteristics of Archaeopteryx (bird dinosaurs)?
skull with teeth
feathers on wings and a tail with vertebrae
they have hollow bones
359
What are the direct descendants of Archaeopteryx?
Theropod dinosaurs
360
