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BIOLOGY UVU EXAM 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

When did the origin of photosynthesis and abundant oxygen begin to form in the atmosphere?

A

Around 2 billion

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2
Q

When did earth form?

A

4.6 billion years ago

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3
Q

Long ago what did earths atmosphere contain because of volcanic eruptions?

A

Water vapor and chemicals specifically (nitrogen, nitrogen oxides, carbon dioxide, methane, ammonia, hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide)

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4
Q

What is the most common gas in the atmosphere?

A

carbon dioxide

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5
Q

Today what kinds of substances do we have in our atmosphere?

A

nitrogen, oxygen, and small amounts of carbon dioxide

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6
Q

What was the building block of life because of the old atmosphere?

A

Small organic molecules

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7
Q

What did oprain and haldane hypothesized ?

A

That the early atmosphere was a reducing environment

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8
Q

What did Millers experiment produce?

A

Purines, pyrimidines, sugars, and amino acids

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9
Q

What was the first genetic material?

A

RNA

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10
Q

What are ribozymes?

A

A RNA molecules that is auto-catalytic

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11
Q

What did early genetic material form and what did they produce?

A

They formed a RNA world, and produced the first genes

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12
Q

Why did RNA switch to DNA as the base genetic material?

A

Because DNA is more stable and makes fewer mistakes (mutations)

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13
Q

How does radiometric dating work?

A

A parent isotope decays into a daughter isotope at a constant rate. Then the ratio is determined by the loss of the parent isotope and the increase in the daughter isotope

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14
Q

What does half-life mean?

A

The time required for half the parent isotope to decay

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15
Q

MAKE A COPY OF THIS ON YOUR TEST

A

International chronostratigraphic chart

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16
Q

What makes the Ediacaran period so special?

A

It had the oldest animal fossils with no skeletons dating back to 635 to 542 million years ago

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17
Q

What happened in the Cambrian time period? and when did it take place

A

All the major phyla of animals appeared within a few million years of each other 542- 488 million years ago)

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18
Q

When all the major phyla of animals came to be on the Cambrian time period. What was this event called? and when did it take place?

A

The Cambrian radiation (530-510 million years ago

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19
Q

What evidence did the Cambrian radiation provide?

A

the first predator prey interactions

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20
Q

what things colonized the land first? And what time period?

A

Plants did then arthropods and 475 million years ago

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21
Q

When did tetrapod’s evolve into fish?

A

365 million years ago

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22
Q

What period had a large amount of oxygen in the atmosphere?

A

The carboniferous period

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23
Q

Why do we need the liquid in the second layer of the earth?

A

For earths magnetic field

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24
Q

When did Pangea form? And did it effect anything?

A

250 million years ago and it had great effects especially with interactions between species and climate change, costal habits

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25
Q

Does geology have a great influence on the evolution of life?

A

Yes it does

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26
Q

What percentage of all life has been extinct?

A

99%

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27
Q

What is extinction?

A

the obliteration of all individuals of a species or groups of species, plant or animal.

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28
Q

What happens to every species that evolves? And is extinction a natural part of the evolutionary process?

A

They eventually become extinct and yes extinction is a natural part of the process

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29
Q

What are the 10 theories of mass extinction?

A
  1. Changes in global and regional climatic patterns
    1. Volcanic flows over large areas and massive super volcanos worldwide volcanism
    2. Disease continents coming together with new diseases in different populations
    3. Plants evolving
    4. Change in ocean and freshwater
    5. Plate tectonics
    6. Global marine regressions and transgressions
    7. Impact theory- meteorite or comet
    8. Human interaction
    9. Continents separating
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30
Q

What is the K-t impactor (meteor)?

A

The impact (meteor) that was 300,00 years before the extinction of the dinosaurs

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31
Q

What is adaptive radiations?

A

When organisms colonize new environments with little competition

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32
Q

What would have Linnaeus have done to the Hawaiian Silverswords?

A

He would have classified them as a whole other different species

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33
Q

What contributes to mass extinction?

A

Climate, Meteorites, Volcanism, Air temperature, ocean acidification. water oxygen levels, sea level ride, atmospheric circulation

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34
Q

What is heterochrony?

A

A change in the timing of developmental events

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35
Q

What are homeotic genes?

A

Determine basic features in an animal or human (EX legs and wings on a bird)

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36
Q

What is the name of a type of homeotic gene provide positional information in animals?

A

Hox genes,

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37
Q

How did invertebrates evolve into vertebrates?

A

Because of altercations of their hox genes

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38
Q

Duplications of Hox genes have occurred in what lineage?

A

The vertebrate lineage

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39
Q

Why were the hox gene duplicates so important? And how?

A

It made new characteristics for new vertebrates. Well the older vertebrates had fewer hox genes and with the duplications modern vertebrates have the genetic potential to have a complex body

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40
Q

Biological structures tend to do what?

A

Evolve

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41
Q

What has happened to the eye as it has evolved?

A

It has evolved from a simple photosensitive cells to independently cells many times

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42
Q

What are exaltations?

A

structures that evolve in one context but become co-opted for a different function (EX feathers in dinosaurs and birds)

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43
Q

What is monophyletic group?

A

And ancestorial group that contains all descendants of the ancestorial group

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44
Q

What is the polyphyletic group?

A

Group excludes the most common recent ancestors of all group members

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44
Q

What ancestorial group/clade is Protista?

A

Paraphyletic

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44
Q

What is the paraphyletic group?

A

An ancestorial group that contains some descendants NOT ALL OF THEM

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45
Q

Flying animals are part of what group?

A

polyphyletic

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46
Q

What is endothermic?

A

Warm blooded things

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47
Q

What is exothermic?

A

Cold blooded things

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48
Q

Protists are the informal name for what?

A

the kingdom of unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes

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49
Q

Protists are what kind of clade (poly, para, mono)?

A

A paraphyletic group

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50
Q

Is Protista valid as a kingdom?

A

NO ONLY PROTISTS

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51
Q

Are protists super diverse or no?

A

YES THEY ARE

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52
Q

Are protists usually unicellular or multicellular or colonial?

A

Usually unicellular but there are some multicellular and colonial protists

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53
Q

Are protists eukaryotes or prokaryotes?

A

Eukaryotes

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54
Q

What do photoautotrophs contain that make them special?

A

chloroplasts

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55
Q

How to heterotrophs gain energy?

A

eat organic molecules or larger food particles

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56
Q

What process do protists diversity come from?

A

endosymbiosis

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57
Q

What is endosymbiosis?

A

Where one organism lives inside the other organism

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58
Q

What structure inside of a cell evolved from an aerobic prokaryote? and by what process?

A

the mitochondria and the process was endosymbiosis

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59
Q

What organism evolved from a photosynthetic cyanobacterium? and by what process?

A

Plastids and the process was endosymbiosis

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60
Q

How do you characterize the clade excavate? and what groups come from the clade excavate?

A

characterized by its cytoskeleton the groups are diplomonads, parabasalids, and euglenozoans

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61
Q

Define diplomonads and define some characteristics

A
  • Lack plastids and have modified mitochondria (called mitosomes)
    • Derive energy anaerobically by glycolysis
    • Have two equal sized nuclei and flagella
    • Often have parasites
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62
Q

Define parabasalids and define some characteristics

A
  • Have reduced mitochondria called hydrogenosomes that generate some energy anaerobically
    • Include Trichomonas vaginalis, the pathogen that causes yeast infections in human females
    • Have undulating membranes
63
Q

Define euglenozoa and define some characteristics

A
  • A diverse clade that includes predatory heterotrophs, photosynthetic autotrophs, and pathogenic parasites
    • The main feature that distinguishes them as a clade is their spiral or crystalline rod inside their flagella
      Euglenozoa include kinetoplastids and euglenids
64
Q

Define kinetoplastids and define some characteristics

A
  • Have a single mitochondrion with an organized mass of DNA called a kinetoplast
    • This group includes trypanosoma which causes sleeping sickness in humans
  • Frequent changes in the surface protein prevent the host from developing immunity like in plasmodium (malarial parasite)
65
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis causes what sickness?

A

yeast infections in human females

66
Q

trypanosoma causes what sickness?

A

sleeping sickness in humans

67
Q

Define euglenids and define some characteristics

A
  • Have one or two flagella
  • Some species can be both autotrophic and heterotrophic (mixotrophic) and contain chloroplasts
68
Q

Define Chromalveolata and define some characteristics

A

Is monophyletic and originated by a secondary endosymbiosis event

69
Q

Define alveolata and define some characteristics

A
  • Have membrane-bounded sacs (alveoli) just under the plasma membrane
    Alveolata includes the dinoflagellates apicomplexans and ciliates
70
Q

Define dinoflagellates and define some characteristics

A
  • Are a diverse group of aquatic mixotrophs and heterotrophs
    • Each has a characteristic shape that in many species is reinforced by internal plates of cellulose and many types contain chlorophyll
    • 2 flagella make them spin as they move through water
      Dinoflagellate blooms are the cause of toxic “red tides”
71
Q

Define Apicomplexans and define some characteristics

A
  • are the parasites of animals and some cause serious humas diseases
    • Most are sexual and asexual stages that require 2 or more different host species for completion
    • Have organelles specialized for penetrating a host
    • Gregarines (found in the intestines of arthropods, annelids and mollusks
      Toxoplasma gondii (causes infections in humans with immunosuppression
72
Q

What causes infections in humans?

A

Toxoplasma gondii

73
Q

Define plasmodium and define some characteristics

A
  • Is the parasite that causes malaria
    • Like the trypanosomes, plasmodium continually changes its surface proteins
    • Plasmodium requires both mosquitos and humans complete its life cycle
      2 million people die each year of malaria (might not need this for the test)
74
Q

Define ciliates and define some characteristics

A
  • A large varied group of protists are named for their use of cilia to move and feed that live as solitary cells in fresh water
    They have a large macronuclei and small micronuclei and are relatively complex cell
75
Q

Define Stramenopila and define some characteristics

A

Includes several groups of heterotrophs as well as certain groups of algae

76
Q

Define diatoms and define some characteristics

A
  • Are unicellular algae with a unique two-part, glass -like wall of hydrated silica
    • Diatoms are major component of phytoplankton and are highly divers
      Produce asexually and occasionally sexually
77
Q

Define golden algae and define some characteristics

A
  • are named for their color yellow and brown carrotenoids
    • The cells are typically biflagellated with both flagella near one end
      Most are unicellular some are colonial
78
Q

Define brown algae and define some characteristics

A
  • Are the largest and most complex algae
    • All are multicellular and most are marine
    • They are seaweed
      The rootlike hold fast anchors the stemlike stipe which in turn supports the leaflike blades
79
Q

Define Alternation of generations

A
  • The most complex life cycles include an alteration of generations, the alternation of multicellular haploid and diploid forms
80
Q

Define oomycetes and define some characteristics

A

they include water molds, white rusts, and downy mildews
- they were once considered fungi based on morphological studies
- most oomycetes are decomposers or parasites
- They have filaments (hyphae) that facilitate nutrient uptake convergently with fungi
- Their ecological impact can be great, as in phytophthora infectans causing potato blight

81
Q

What clade does rhizaria belong to?

A

Monophyletic clade

82
Q

How do ameobas move and eat?

A

by pseudopodia

83
Q

What are foram and foraminiferans named for?

A

Multichambered shells called tests that are made from calcium carbonate

84
Q

Radiolarians have what fused into pieces? and what is it made of?

A

tests that are made of silica

85
Q

Archaeplastida includes what groups??

A

red algae, green algae, charophytes, and glaucophytes and land plants

86
Q

What are the closest relatives to land plants?

A

Red and green algae

87
Q

How do red algae get their color?

A

pigment called phycoerythrin turns them red and they absorb the blue light and reflect the red

88
Q

Are red algae unicellular or multicellular? And are they the largest seaweed group or the smallest?

A

They are multicellular and are the largest seaweed group

89
Q

How do green algae get their name?

A

From their grass-green chloroplasts (A and B)

90
Q

What are the 2 main groups of green algae?

A

chlorophceans and chlorophytes

91
Q

What group includes animals, fungi, and some protists?

A

Unikonta

92
Q

What makes Amoebazoans special? and what groups do they include?

A

like that are tubed shaped rather than threadlike gynamoebas, entamoebas, and slime molds

93
Q

What does Plasmodium form?

A

plasmodial slime molds

94
Q

What type of nuclei do plasmodium contain?

A

diploid nuclei and are undivided by membranes

95
Q

What were slime molds once thought to be?

A

Fungi

96
Q

Why are protists so important?

A

They are super important producers that obtain energy from sunlight

97
Q

What do cellular molds form? And how are they seperated?

A

form multicellular aggregates in which cells are separated by their membranes

98
Q

How do cellular molds eat?

A

they eat individually but sometimes can form an amoeboid to eat

99
Q

Where are Gymnamoebas located and are they unicellular or multicellular?

A

They live in soil as well as freshwater and marine environments and are unicellular

100
Q

What are entamoebas?

A

They are parasites of vertebrates and some invertebrates

101
Q

What are the 5 supergroups?

A

excavata, chromalveolata, rhizaria, archaeplastida, unikonta

102
Q

What groups belong in the supergroup Excavata?

A

Diplomonadas, Parabasalids, Euglenozoans

103
Q

What groups belong in the supergroup chromalveolata? (7)

A

Dinoflagellates,apicomplexans, cilliates, diatoms, golden algae, brown algae, oomycetes

104
Q

What groups belong in the supergroup rhizaria? (2)

A

forams, foraminiferans

105
Q

What groups belong in the supergroup archaeplastida? (4)

A

Red algae, chlorophytes, charophyceans, land plants

106
Q

What groups belong in the supergroup unikonta? (5)

A

slime molds, gymnamoebas, entamoebas, animals, fungi

107
Q

What is the structure like in heteromorphic generations and in isomorphic generations?

A
  • Heteromorphic generations are structurally different and isomorphic generations look similar
108
Q

What are fungi? And what things does it break down?

A

they are decomposers, parasites, and mutualists in the biosphere and they break down lignin and cellulose

109
Q

What are armillaria?

A

Fungi and are one of the worlds largest organisms

110
Q

What organisms/things do fungis causes diseases to?

A

animals, pests, and plants

111
Q

Are fungi heterotrophs or autotrophs? and how do they get nutrients (food)?

A

Heterotrophs and they absorb nutrients from outside their body

112
Q

What do fungi use to breakdown complex molecules?

A

They use enzymes called (exoenzymes)

113
Q

What are the most common types of body structures for fungis?

A

multicellular filaments (mushrooms) and single cells (yeast)

114
Q

What is mycelia in fungi?

A

branched hyphae that absorb nutrients and are usually underground

115
Q

Do fungi have cell walls or no?

A

Yes they have cell walls made of chitin (a mucopolysaccharide)

116
Q

What is a mass of connected hyphae called?

A

mycelium

117
Q

What do multicellular fungi (mushrooms) consist of?

A

hyphae (long filaments)

118
Q

What are mycorrhizae?

A

Are mutually beneficial relationships between fungi and plant roots

119
Q

What is Ectomycorrhizal fungi?

A

Form sheaths of hyphae around root

120
Q

What is endomycorrhizal fungi? And what/where does it form?

A

form hyphae through cell walls of root cells and into tubes formed by invagination of root cell membrane

121
Q

How do fungi mate/make babies?

A

They us pheromones to communicate their mating type just like animals, moth, ants, and mammals

122
Q

What is plasmogamy?

A

Is the union of two parent mycelia

123
Q

Do the haploid nuclei from each parent in fungi fuse right away? What happens to the nuclei then?

A

NO THEY DO NOT they coexist in the mycelium called a heterokaryon

124
Q

How much time would pass before the karyogamy nuclear fusion happens?

A

centuries

125
Q

What do molds produce? and what do they form?

A

They produce haploid spores and form visible mycelia

126
Q

what process do fungi produce?

A

by budding

127
Q

how old were the oldest fungi fossils?

A

460 million years old

128
Q

Where are chytrids usually found? And what are some characteristics they have?

A

found in freshwater and terrestrial habitats
- they are the oldest fungi and are the closest relatives to the old fungi
- have flagellated spores called zoospores
- powerful decomposers that digest cellulose, chitin, and keratin
- cause skin disease in frogs called cutaneous chytridiomycosis
- and belong to the phylum Chytridiomycota

129
Q

what are some characteristics of Zycomycetes?

A
  • have great diversity
  • they are fast-growing molds, parasites, and commensal symbionts
  • named because they produce zygosporangia
  • zygosporangia can live in bad conditions
130
Q

What is the symbol are for the stage heterokaryotic stage in fungi?

A

n+n

131
Q

What are black molds called? and what reproductive structure do they use?

A

Rhizopus stolonifer, and use the structure zygospores

132
Q

What do Glomeromycete form and what were they once considered?

A

they form endomycorrhizae, and they were once considered zygomycyetes

133
Q

What are the differences between endomycorrhizae and Ectomycorrhizae?

A

Ectomycorrhizae
- Hyphae surround but do not penetrate the root cells
- Most hosts are forest trees (pine and oak)
- Fungal partners are mostly basidiomycetes
30% common

endomycorrhizae
- Hyphae penetrate the root cell wall
- Most common 70%
- Fungal partners are glomeromycetes

134
Q

Where do ascomycetes live? and what are some characteristics?

A

live in the sea, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats .
- defined by sexual spores called asci
- called sac fungi
-produce asexual spores called conidia

135
Q

What organisms are in the basidomycetes include? and what are some characteristics?

A

they include mushrooms, puffballs, shell fungi, mutualists and plant parasites
- have clublike structures called basidium
- also called club fungi

136
Q

How do mycelium reproduce?

A

reproduce sexually by fruiting bodies called basidiocarps

137
Q

How do fairy rings start and form?

A

Fairy rings start when a spore lands in a meadow or lawn and spreads its mycelium from that central region outward in a large circle indicated by basidiocarps on the peripheral edge of the mycelium. Fungal enzymes are obviously strongest near the fungal filaments

138
Q

What kind of relationships do fungi form with plants, algae, cyanobacteria and animals?

A

A mutualistic relationship

139
Q

What do plants harbor inside the leaves of plants?

A

endophytes

140
Q

What do endophytes produce?

A

toxins that deter herbivores and defend against pathogens

141
Q

Where do endophytic fungi live in plants?

A

the intercellular spaces inside plants

142
Q

What examples of fungi forming mutual symbiosis with invertebrate animals is in what animal?

A

The leaf alttini ants

143
Q

How do the leaf alttini ants do the mutual symbiosis relationship with fungi?

A
  • Ants eat hyphae
    • Fungi have a home
    • Ants have streptomyces bacteria that makes and antibiotic tto kill off competing fungi
  • The ants and their fungal gardens constitute a mutulaistic partnership
144
Q

What organisms are lichen associated with?

A

photosynthetic microorganism (cyanobacteria and green algae) and fungus (basidiomycete, or ascomycete)

145
Q

Photosynthetic cells are formed into what kind of mass?

A

mass of fungal hyphae

146
Q

Lichen’s relationship with fungi and photosynthetic microorganisms are what kind of type? But what do scientists think?

A

mutualistic but scientists think they are parasitic

147
Q

Ascomycetes are found in how many lichen?

A

20 out of 15,000

148
Q

What are the three type of lichen?

A

fruticose, follose, crustosa

149
Q

What are lichen sensitive to?

A

to pollution

150
Q

What are soredia used for in lichen?

A

used for asexual reproduction and they are small clusters of hyphae with embedded algae

151
Q

What does algae, cyanobacteria, and fungi provide with lichen?

A

provide some carbon compounds, while cyanobacteria can provide nitrogen also, and fungi provide the environment for growth (especially water and minerals) and protection

152
Q

What are lichen made of?

A

that consist of a fungal symbiont and one or more photoautotrophs

153
Q

What percentage of fungal species are parasites?

A

30%

154
Q

What is the term used for fungal infections in animals?

A

mycosis

155
Q

What kinds are diseases do these things cause?

Coccidiomycosis, candida, thrush, Sporthrix ,

A

Coccidiomycosis- lung infection
candida - is a systemic (blood borne) infection
thrush- can cause vaginal infections
Sporthrix- lymphatic infection

156
Q

What other diseases do fungi pathogens cause?

A

athletes foot, nail fungus, and ringworm

157
Q

Fungi can be separated by what characteristic?

A

how they produce, their sexual life cycle

Biology (11 decks)

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