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Biology FINAL TEST QUESTIONS Flashcards

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1
Q

We discussed an experiment wherein we were testing our hypothesis that drinking caffeinated coffee prevents daily memory decline. In this study, memory decline was measured using a memory test.

What was the dependent variable?

A

The score on the memory test

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2
Q

If Emo Philips has a mass of 60 kg on Earth, what would be his mass on the Moon?

A

60kg

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3
Q

Which 2 functional groups are acids?

A

Carboxyl & phosphate

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4
Q

Which statement best describes the trends exhibited by the data in a negative correlation?

A

Variable B causes the response seen in Variable A

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5
Q

Which molecule would be added to the growing strand by the enzyme marked as molecule E in the figure shown on the previous page? (molecule E is DNA primase)

A

Ribose

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6
Q

Sperm contain no sex chromosomes; eggs carry two sex chromosomes?

A

Z-W system

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7
Q

What is the name of the point where the replication bubble forms?

A

Origin of replication

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8
Q

How many unique gametes could be produced through independent assortment by an individual with the genotype AaBbCCdEE?

4
8
16
64

A

8

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9
Q

A person on a strict diet and exercise regimen lost 7kg of body fat in just 2 weeks. In which of the following forms did the loss of fat most likely leave the body?

Released CO2 and H2O
Eliminated from the body as feces
Converted to heat and then released
Converted to ATP, which weighs much less than fat

A

Released CO2 and H2O

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10
Q

Cockroaches and many other insects use this sex determination system?

A

X-0 system

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11
Q

Which of these is an example of inductive reasoning?
If two species are members of the same genus, they are alike than each of them could be to a different genus
These organisms live in sunny regions. Therefore, they are using photosynthesis
If protists are all single-celled, they are incapable of aggregations
Hundreds of individuals of species have been observed and all are photosynthetic, therefore the species is photosynthetic

A

Hundreds of individuals of species have been observed and all are photosynthetic, therefore the species is photosynthetic

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12
Q

Write out the name of the functional group that associated with this end of the DNA molecule (same side as the 3 prime end question)

A

Hydroxyl group

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13
Q

Unfertilized eggs produce one sex, while fertilized eggs produce the other?

A

Haplo-diploid system

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14
Q

Which of the terms below best describes a regulatory mechanism in which the end product of a metabolic pathway inhibit an enzyme that catalyzes an early step in the pathway?

Feedback inhibition
Cooperation inhibition
Metabolic inhibition
Allosteric inhibition

A

Feedback inhibition

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15
Q

When the system illustrated above reaches equilibrium, what will the sugar concentrations of both sides of the U-tube be?

1.5M and 1.5M
1M sucrose, 1M glucose
2M sucrose, 1M glucose
1M sucrose, 2M glucose

A

1.5M and 1.5M

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16
Q

Which of the following statements about the human X chromosome is correct?
It carries genes that influence an individual’s biological sex
It is present in every gametic cell of male and females
It is smaller than other chromosomes
It is referred to as an autosome

A

It carries genes that influence an individual’s biological sex

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17
Q

Using the pattern explained above write the direction indicator of the DNA molecule indicated by point E (the end that is on the same side as the 5 prime.

A

3 prime end

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18
Q

This is sodium, a gentle and lovely little atom (just don’t expose to water or feed after midnight). How does sodium obtain a full valence shell? (only has one electron in the most outer shell)

A

It gives away an electron to other atoms

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19
Q

Which molecule would be added to the growing strand by the enzyme marked as molecule C in the figure shown on the previous page? (molecule C is DNA polymerase)

A

Deoxyribose

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20
Q

Name the type of mutation that would result if a nucleotide in the original sequence was accidentally deleted.

A

Frameshift mutation

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21
Q

Ultimately, what is the difference between Na and Na+?

A

The number of electrons

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22
Q

What is the valence of this atom? (atom has a full valence shell)

A

8

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23
Q

What are Carbon-12 and Carbon-13 examples of?

A

Isotopes

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24
Q

Which of the following chemical reactions is represented in the figure?

Results in peptide bond (OH and O binding and making a H2O molecule)
Links two polymers to form a monomer
Is a hydrolysis reaction
Joins two fatty acids together

A

Results in peptide bond (OH and O binding and making a H2O molecule) a carboxyl group binds to an amino group

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25
Q

Which of the following is a sub-atomic particle with a negative charge?
organ

Electron

Population

Atom

organelle

Proton

Cell

Neutron

Tissue

Organism

A

Electron

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26
Q

Which statement best describes Inductive reasoning?

Any process that proves a hypothesis to be correct

A process where you make many observations to create an educated guess

A hypothesis-based process that uses a general patterns to predict results in specific situations

A descriptive process that uses many observations to discover repeating patterns

A

A descriptive process that uses many observations to discover repeating patterns

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27
Q

Asexual reproduction occurs during which of the following processes?
Meiosis
Mitosis
Fertilization
The exchange of chromosomes between organisms of different species

A

Mitosis

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28
Q

Sister chromatids become attached to microtubules on opposite poles in……

A

Metaphase

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29
Q

Which structures would be used as a lipid component of a membrane?

A

Glycerol or a fatty acid (look at pics of those)

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30
Q

When acids donate a proton what charge do they take on?

A

A negative charge

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31
Q

What is a base?

A

A proton acceptor

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32
Q

In terms of gene 3, which strand is the template strand? (arrow going left the opposite way on the bottom strand)

A

Strand A

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33
Q

We discussed an experiment wherein we were testing our hypothesis that drinking caffeinated coffee prevents daily memory decline. In this study, memory decline was measured using a memory test.

What was a standardized variable?

A

The age of the participants

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34
Q

What is the valence of Fluorine? (has 7 electrons on the outer shell)

A

1

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35
Q

If a diploid organism in G0 possess 28 chromosomes, how many chromosomes would it’s gametes contain?

7
14
26
20

A

14 chromosomes

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36
Q

Which functional group when part of an organic molecule, would be responsible for storing and transferring energy cells?

A

Phosphate group

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37
Q

Which of the following best describes the control of the cAMP operon?

A

Positive gene expression

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38
Q

Which of the following could be used to prove that fire is NOT alive? (Mark all that apply)

Evolutionary adaptation

Reproduction

Response to the environment

Energy processing

Growth and development

Regulation/homeostasis

Order

A

evolutionary adaptation, regulation/homeostasis, order

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39
Q

Consider one of the traits Mendel studied in pea plants. According to Mendel’s laws of inheritance, how many copies of the heritable factor for that trait are present in a single gamete?

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

A

1

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40
Q

Some people claim that fire is alive. Are they wrong?

Fire is not alive. To be classified as living, a thing must show all seven of the characteristics of life

Fire is not alive. To be classified as living, a thing must show at least 5 of the seven characteristics of life

Scientists do accept fire as living because it meets the standard of showing at least 4 of the seven characteristics of life

Fire is not alive. To be classified as living, a thing must show at least 6 of the seven characteristics of life

A

Fire is not alive. To be classified as living, a thing must show all seven of the characteristics of life

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41
Q

Which of the following statements best describe the function of the nuclear pore complex found in the eukaryotic cells?

It regulates the movement of proteins and RNAs into and out of the nucleus
It synthesizes secreted proteins
It assembles ribosomes from f=raw materials that are synthesized in the nucleus
It synthesizes the proteins required to copy DNA and make mRNA

A

It regulates the movement of proteins and RNAs into and out of the nucleus

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42
Q

Name this functional group -N-H-H

A

Amino

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43
Q

Name this functional group -OH

A

Hydroxyl

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44
Q

What specific type of nucleic acid is synthesized by this enzyme? (DNA primase)

A

RNA

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45
Q

Which of the following best describes the control of the lac operon?

A

Negative feedback

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46
Q

Where would you expect is the natural environment of enzyme A (associated with PH levels)?

In an acidic environment
In hot environment
In cold environment
In alkaline environment

A

In an acidic environment

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47
Q

Sex is determined by the number of sex chromosomes inherited when egg and sperm combine?

A

X-0 system

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48
Q

Consider one of the traits Mendel studied in pea plants. According to menders laws of inheritance, which heritable factor determines the organisms phenotype for a specific trait?

A

The dominate allele

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49
Q

What occurs at G1 phase?

A

The cell synthesizes nucleotides, DNA polymerase, DNA primase, SSBP, Helicase and telomerase (answer)

50
Q

Which functional group when added to DNA, would alter gene expression?

A

Methyl group

51
Q

Which regulatory mechanism in bacteria is indicated by the diagram shown here? (precursor to tryptophan image)

A

Feedback inhibition

52
Q

A defect in which of the following molecules would dramatically reduce the rate of diffusion of water across the cell membrane?

Aquaporins
Sodium-potassium pump
ATP
Gated ion channels

A

Aquaporins

53
Q

Is shape really important?

A

YES!! Different shape = Different properties

54
Q

When bases accept a proton what charge do they take on?

A

Positive charge

55
Q
  1. Answer the following questions about the polymeric molecule shown here (LOOK AT PIC IN YOUR CAMERA ROLL)

2A. What is the name of this molecules

2B. What does is one role that the molecule plays in a cell?

2C. This molecule consists of 2 strands joined together, each strand has 2 ends. Provide the proper designation of each end: A= B=

2D. This molecule consists of 2 types of bases: one type has one ring (D) and the other type has 2 rings (C). What is the name of the 2 ringed base?

A

2A: DNA, 2B: contains genes, 2C: A= prime #5, B= prime #3, 2D Purine

56
Q

What is the group property of this functional group N-H-H

A

Base

57
Q

Sex is determined by the combination of sex chromosomes inherited in the egg?

A

Z-W system

58
Q

This is sodium, a gentle and lovely little atom (just don’t expose to water or feed after midnight). How does sodium change when it gains a full valence shell?

A

It becomes a cation

59
Q

How do free radicals affect cells?

A

They steal electrons from biological molecules leading to DNA damage (answer)

60
Q

To what does the number shown in this image refer? (the bottom left number on an element symbol)

A

The number of protons

61
Q

Which of the following statements best summarizes an important consequence of the first law of thermodynamics for living organism?

Each organism ultimately must obtain all the necessary energy for life from its environment
The entropy of an organism decreases with time as the organism grows completely
The energy content of a single organism is constant
An organism grows by converting energy into organic matter

A

Each organism ultimately must obtain all the necessary energy for life from its environment

62
Q

What is an acid?

A

A proton donor

63
Q

Matthias Schleiden, a botanist, and Theodor Schwann, a zoologist, studied a wide number of organisms and, together, wrote what we know today as Cell Theory: The cell is the basic unit of life and all living organisms consist of one or more cells.

Of what type of reasoning is this an example?

A

Inductive reasoning

64
Q

What is the mass of an electron?

A

1/2000th of a Dalton

65
Q

Which of the following structures is not associated with the endomembrane system in eukaryotic cells?

Chloroplast

Plasma membrane

Golgi apparatus

Nuclear envelope

A

Chloroplast

66
Q

Consider the monosaccharide that has 7 carbons.

What is the name of the monosaccharides?

How many oxygens does it have?

How many hydrogens does it have?

A

Heptose, O = 7, H = 14

67
Q

What happen to glucose in glycolysis?

Oxidation
Reduction
Synthesis
combustion

A

Oxidation

68
Q

Julie loved hummingbirds and all summer long she would hang nectar feeders outside her windows and fill them with sugar water to attract those beautiful little flying jewels to her yard. She was always sad when winter came and her beloved hummingbirds would leave for warmer climes. Julie was feeling especially discouraged one cold and bleak winter day in January but comforted herself by thinking, “only three more months and my little friends will return bringing joy back into to my life!”

Of what type of reasoning is this an example?

A

Deductive reasoning

69
Q

Draw each function and what is their group property? (the groups hydroxyl, methyl, phosphate etc.)

A

Draw and label on piece of paper

70
Q

Which of the following best models deductive reasoning?
A. General theories to specific predictions

B. specific observations to General conclusions

A

A

71
Q

Using the pattern explained above write the direction indicator of the DNA molecule indicated by point F (the end that is on the same side as the 3 prime.

A

5 prime end

72
Q

Answer the following questions about the polymetric molecule shown below (LOOK IN YOUR CAMERA ROLL)

4A. What is the specific name of this molecule?

4B. Describe 2 roles this molecule plays in a cell.

4C. This molecule consists of a linear chain with 2 ends. provide the proper designation for each end A= B=

4D. This molecule, shown above, consists of 3 subunits joined together with covalent bonds. State the functional class of each sub unit. 1= 2= 3=

A

4A: Protein, 4B: enzymatic, storage, hormonal, receptor, defensive, motor, structure, transport, 4C: A=N-terminus B=C-terminus, 4D: 1= Non-polar, 2= Polar, 3= Non-polar

73
Q

Ultimately, what is the difference between Carbon-12 and Carbon-13?

A

The number of neutrons

74
Q

Write out the name of the functional group that associated with this end of the DNA molecule (the 5 prime end)

A

phosphate group

75
Q

Water is a compound consisting of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. Why is water polar?

A

Electrons spend more time around the oxygen than around the hydrogens, giving the oxygen a partial negative charge and the hydrogens a partial positive charge

76
Q

Agrobacterium infects plants and causes them to form tumors. You are asked to determine how long a plant must be exposed to these bacteria to become infected, Which if the following experiments will provide the best data to address this question?

Measure the number of tumors formed on a plant when exposed to various concentration of Agrobacterium

Determine the survival rate of agrobacterium when exposed to different concentrations of an antibiotic

Measure the concentration of agrobacterium in different soil environments where the plants grow

Measure the number of tumors formed on plants, which are exposed to agrobacterium for different lengths of time

A

Measure the number of tumors formed on plants, which re exposed to agrobacterium for different lengths of time

77
Q

Which of the following types of reactions would decrease the entropy within a cell?

Anabolic reaction
Hydrolysis
Catabolic reactions
digestion

A

Anabolic reaction

78
Q

Which of the following is a biological advantage of storing glucose molecules in branched polymers?
They have more sites for enzymatic attack than do unbranched polymers
They are resistant to enzymes
They are insoluble and so provide strength to molecule
They can be stacked together to save space

A

They have more sites for enzymatic attack than do unbranched polymers

79
Q

Which one of the following would be different on the moon than it would be on earth?

The elemental composition of a specific object
The definition of life

The weight of a specific object

The number of protons in a specific object

The mass of a specific object

A

The weight of a specific object

80
Q

Certain animal cells normally have well-defined spherical nuclei. Cells with a genetic defect have irregularly nuclei. Which of the following cytoskeletal elements is most likely affected by genetic defect?

Intermediate filaments
Myosin proteins
Microfilaments
microtubules

A

Intermediate filaments

81
Q

What one word describes molecules that only differ in the covalent arrangement of their atoms?

A

Isomers

82
Q

Which of the following could be used to claim that fire is alive? (Mark all that apply)

Response to the environment

Growth and development

Order

Regulation/homeostasis

Energy processing

Evolutionary adaptation

Reproduction

A

Response to the environment, growth and development, energy processing, reproduction

83
Q

A decrease in entropy is associated with which of the following types of reactions?

Dehydration
Hydrolysis
Catabolic
depolymerization

A

Dehydration

84
Q

Which of the following results is most likely when a plant cell is submerged in a hypertonic solution?

Plasmolysis will shrink the interior of the cell
The cell will burst
The cell will become turgid
The cell will become flaccid

A

Plasmolysis will shrink the interior of the cell

85
Q

What occurs in the S phase?

A

The cell initiates reactions at origins of replication (answer)

86
Q

We discussed an experiment wherein we were testing our hypothesis that drinking caffeinated coffee prevents daily memory decline. In this study, memory decline was measured using a memory test.

What was the control group?
A group of randomly placed participants who were not given coffee

A group of women over age 65

A group of randomly placed participants who were given caffeinated coffee

A group of men over age 65

A group of young adults (average age of 25)

A group of randomly placed participants who were given decaffeinated coffee

A

A group of randomly placed participants who were given decaffeinated coffee

87
Q

Which functional group is a base?

A

Amino group

88
Q

How many electrons will a single atom of nitrogen with no charge and no bonds have in its valence shell?
14
2
7
5

A

5

89
Q

How many covalent bonds can this atom form? ( that has a full valance shell)

A

0

90
Q

Name this functional group -SH

A

Sulfhydryl

91
Q

Which of the following best compares dehydration reactions and hydrolysis?
Dehydration reactions assemble polymers, and hydrolysis reactions break polymers apart

Hydrolysis assemble polymers, dehydration reactions break polymers apart

Dehydration reactions and hydrolysis assemble polymers from monomers

Dehydration reactions eliminate water from membranes, hydrolysis reactions add water to membranes

A

Dehydration reactions assemble polymers, and hydrolysis reactions break polymers apart

92
Q

Name the specific linkage that joins two molecules of the following
Monosaccharides

Nucleotides

Amino acids

A

Glycosidic linkage, phosphodiester linkage, peptide linkage

93
Q

What happens when a ribosome encounters a stop codon?

A

A water molecule is added to the chain, causing the chain to terminate and leave the ribosome

94
Q

What is the valence of Oxygen? (has 6 electrons on the outer shell)

A

2

95
Q

We discussed an experiment wherein we were testing our hypothesis that drinking caffeinated coffee prevents daily memory decline. In this study, memory decline was measured using a memory test.

What was the independent variable?

A

The type of coffee

96
Q

What is the name of the specific linkage that joins two monosaccharides together?

A

glycosidic linkage

97
Q

In class you were shown a diagram representing the process of science; this diagram had three small circles around a large central circle, and there were arrows going back and forth between all the circles. Each of the following are important components of the process of science; which one of these is the focus of the process of science, as indicated by its placement in the large circle at the center?

A

Forming and testing hypothesis

98
Q

Which of the following events is most immediately associated with the absorption of energy by chlorophyll molecules of the reaction-center complex?

An electron is excited
ATP is synthesized from energy absorbed
NADPH+ is reduced to NADPH
A molecule of water is split

A

An electron is excited

99
Q

Which element of this graph represents the dependent variable?

A

Y-axis

100
Q

Movement of amoebae across a surface requires which of the following activities by components of the cytoskeleton?

Assembly of actin filaments to form bulges in the plasma membrane
Localized contractions driven by myosin and microtubules
Reinforcement of pseudopod with intermediate filaments
Assembly of microtubule extensions that vesicles can follow in the direction of movement

A

Assembly of actin filaments to form bulges in the plasma membrane

101
Q

Sex is determined by the combination of sex chromosomes that are inherited when egg and sperm combine?

A

X-Y system

102
Q

In the 1850’s 2 scientists studied a wide number of organisms
and together wrote what we know today as cell theory. The cell is the basic unit of life and all living organism consist of one or more cells. Of what type of reasoning is this an example of?

Inductive reasoning
Deductive reasoning
Controlled experimentation
Illogical reasoning

A

Inductive reasoning

103
Q

Which of the following metabolic process normally occurs in most cells regardless of oxygen availability?

Glycolysis
Oxidation phosphorylation
Fermentation
Citric acid cycle

A

Glycolysis

104
Q

What is the group property of this functional group -SH

A

Non-polar

105
Q

Which of the following is a sub-atomic particle with a positive charge?

Proton

Population

Cell

Electron

Neutron

Organelle

Atom

Molecule

A

Proton

106
Q

What type of system do bees use?

A

the X-0 system

107
Q

List and explain 4 reasons we discussed in class as to why the garden pea was ideal for Mendel’s research

A
  1. Closed reproduction
    1. Short breeding cycle
    2. Many characteristics
      1. Easy to maintain
108
Q

The bubble image of DNA replication the little fragments (the small darkened portion of the tail)
This portion of the arrow is where DNA synthesis begins. What is the name of this small portion of the newly replicated section of DNA?

A

The primer

109
Q

Which functional group would form crosslinks (covalent bonds) that bind the molecules, such as 2 proteins together?

A

Sulfhydryl group

110
Q

What do we call the short length of nucleic acid synthesized by this enzyme? (DNA primase)

A

Primer

111
Q

What is the group property of this functional group -OH

A

Polar

112
Q

If the substrate has a positive charge, what properties would you expect to find in the enzyme groove/pocket where the substrate binds?

Negative charge
Non-polar
Polar
Positive charge

A

Negative charge

113
Q

In the diagram shown here, what is the role of tryptophan? (precursor to tryptophan image)

A

Allosteric repressor

114
Q

Which of the following examples describes a type of potential rather than kinetic energy?

A sucrose molecule
Water rushing out of hoover dam
Heat released by a campfire
Flashes of light emitted by a firefly

A

A sucrose molecule

115
Q

Which of the following molecules would likely diffuse through the lipid bilayer of a plasma membrane most rapidly?
O2
Sucrose
An amino acid
NA+

A

O2

116
Q

How many amino acids and peptide bonds does tetrapeptide have?
Four amino acids and three peptide bonds
Three amino acids and four peptide bonds
Four amino acids and four peptide bonds
Four amino acids and two peptide bonds

A

Four amino acids and three peptide bonds

117
Q

Which of the following is the most likely result when the system has reached equilibrium?
The water levels will be unchanged
The concentration of sucrose on side A will be greater than the concentration of sucrose on side B
The water levels will be unchanged
The water level will be higher in side A than in side B

A

The water levels will be unchanged

118
Q

Consider one of the traits Mendel studied in pea plants. According to Mendel’s laws of inheritance, how many copies of the heritable factor for that trait are present in a single zygote?

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

A

2

119
Q

What is the mass of a neutron?

A

1 Dalton

120
Q

Miotic spindle connects with centromeres in……

A

prometaphase

Biology (11 decks)

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