Biology FINAL TEST QUESTIONS Flashcards
1
Q
We discussed an experiment wherein we were testing our hypothesis that drinking caffeinated coffee prevents daily memory decline. In this study, memory decline was measured using a memory test.
What was the dependent variable?
A
The score on the memory test
2
Q
If Emo Philips has a mass of 60 kg on Earth, what would be his mass on the Moon?
A
60kg
3
Q
Which 2 functional groups are acids?
A
Carboxyl & phosphate
4
Q
Which statement best describes the trends exhibited by the data in a negative correlation?
A
Variable B causes the response seen in Variable A
5
Q
Which molecule would be added to the growing strand by the enzyme marked as molecule E in the figure shown on the previous page? (molecule E is DNA primase)
A
Ribose
6
Q
Sperm contain no sex chromosomes; eggs carry two sex chromosomes?
A
Z-W system
7
Q
What is the name of the point where the replication bubble forms?
A
Origin of replication
8
Q
How many unique gametes could be produced through independent assortment by an individual with the genotype AaBbCCdEE?
4
8
16
64
A
8
9
Q
A person on a strict diet and exercise regimen lost 7kg of body fat in just 2 weeks. In which of the following forms did the loss of fat most likely leave the body?
Released CO2 and H2O
Eliminated from the body as feces
Converted to heat and then released
Converted to ATP, which weighs much less than fat
A
Released CO2 and H2O
10
Q
Cockroaches and many other insects use this sex determination system?
A
X-0 system
11
Q
Which of these is an example of inductive reasoning?
If two species are members of the same genus, they are alike than each of them could be to a different genus
These organisms live in sunny regions. Therefore, they are using photosynthesis
If protists are all single-celled, they are incapable of aggregations
Hundreds of individuals of species have been observed and all are photosynthetic, therefore the species is photosynthetic
A
Hundreds of individuals of species have been observed and all are photosynthetic, therefore the species is photosynthetic
12
Q
Write out the name of the functional group that associated with this end of the DNA molecule (same side as the 3 prime end question)
A
Hydroxyl group
13
Q
Unfertilized eggs produce one sex, while fertilized eggs produce the other?
A
Haplo-diploid system
14
Q
Which of the terms below best describes a regulatory mechanism in which the end product of a metabolic pathway inhibit an enzyme that catalyzes an early step in the pathway?
Feedback inhibition
Cooperation inhibition
Metabolic inhibition
Allosteric inhibition
A
Feedback inhibition
15
Q
When the system illustrated above reaches equilibrium, what will the sugar concentrations of both sides of the U-tube be?
1.5M and 1.5M
1M sucrose, 1M glucose
2M sucrose, 1M glucose
1M sucrose, 2M glucose
A
1.5M and 1.5M
16
Q
Which of the following statements about the human X chromosome is correct?
It carries genes that influence an individual’s biological sex
It is present in every gametic cell of male and females
It is smaller than other chromosomes
It is referred to as an autosome
A
It carries genes that influence an individual’s biological sex
17
Q
Using the pattern explained above write the direction indicator of the DNA molecule indicated by point E (the end that is on the same side as the 5 prime.
A
3 prime end
18
Q
This is sodium, a gentle and lovely little atom (just don’t expose to water or feed after midnight). How does sodium obtain a full valence shell? (only has one electron in the most outer shell)
A
It gives away an electron to other atoms
19
Q
Which molecule would be added to the growing strand by the enzyme marked as molecule C in the figure shown on the previous page? (molecule C is DNA polymerase)
A
Deoxyribose
20
Q
Name the type of mutation that would result if a nucleotide in the original sequence was accidentally deleted.
A
Frameshift mutation
21
Q
Ultimately, what is the difference between Na and Na+?
A
The number of electrons
22
Q
What is the valence of this atom? (atom has a full valence shell)
A
8
23
Q
What are Carbon-12 and Carbon-13 examples of?
A
Isotopes
24
Q
Which of the following chemical reactions is represented in the figure?
Results in peptide bond (OH and O binding and making a H2O molecule)
Links two polymers to form a monomer
Is a hydrolysis reaction
Joins two fatty acids together
A
Results in peptide bond (OH and O binding and making a H2O molecule) a carboxyl group binds to an amino group
25
Which of the following is a sub-atomic particle with a negative charge?
organ
Electron
Population
Atom
organelle
Proton
Cell
Neutron
Tissue
Organism
Electron
26
Which statement best describes Inductive reasoning?
Any process that proves a hypothesis to be correct
A process where you make many observations to create an educated guess
A hypothesis-based process that uses a general patterns to predict results in specific situations
A descriptive process that uses many observations to discover repeating patterns
A descriptive process that uses many observations to discover repeating patterns
27
Asexual reproduction occurs during which of the following processes?
Meiosis
Mitosis
Fertilization
The exchange of chromosomes between organisms of different species
Mitosis
28
Sister chromatids become attached to microtubules on opposite poles in……
Metaphase
29
Which structures would be used as a lipid component of a membrane?
Glycerol or a fatty acid (look at pics of those)
30
When acids donate a proton what charge do they take on?
A negative charge
31
What is a base?
A proton acceptor
32
In terms of gene 3, which strand is the template strand? (arrow going left the opposite way on the bottom strand)
Strand A
33
We discussed an experiment wherein we were testing our hypothesis that drinking caffeinated coffee prevents daily memory decline. In this study, memory decline was measured using a memory test.
What was a standardized variable?
The age of the participants
34
What is the valence of Fluorine? (has 7 electrons on the outer shell)
1
35
If a diploid organism in G0 possess 28 chromosomes, how many chromosomes would it's gametes contain?
7
14
26
20
14 chromosomes
36
Which functional group when part of an organic molecule, would be responsible for storing and transferring energy cells?
Phosphate group
37
Which of the following best describes the control of the cAMP operon?
Positive gene expression
38
Which of the following could be used to prove that fire is NOT alive? (Mark all that apply)
Evolutionary adaptation
Reproduction
Response to the environment
Energy processing
Growth and development
Regulation/homeostasis
Order
evolutionary adaptation, regulation/homeostasis, order
39
Consider one of the traits Mendel studied in pea plants. According to Mendel's laws of inheritance, how many copies of the heritable factor for that trait are present in a single gamete?
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
40
Some people claim that fire is alive. Are they wrong?
Fire is not alive. To be classified as living, a thing must show all seven of the characteristics of life
Fire is not alive. To be classified as living, a thing must show at least 5 of the seven characteristics of life
Scientists do accept fire as living because it meets the standard of showing at least 4 of the seven characteristics of life
Fire is not alive. To be classified as living, a thing must show at least 6 of the seven characteristics of life
Fire is not alive. To be classified as living, a thing must show all seven of the characteristics of life
41
Which of the following statements best describe the function of the nuclear pore complex found in the eukaryotic cells?
It regulates the movement of proteins and RNAs into and out of the nucleus
It synthesizes secreted proteins
It assembles ribosomes from f=raw materials that are synthesized in the nucleus
It synthesizes the proteins required to copy DNA and make mRNA
It regulates the movement of proteins and RNAs into and out of the nucleus
42
Name this functional group -N-H-H
Amino
43
Name this functional group -OH
Hydroxyl
44
What specific type of nucleic acid is synthesized by this enzyme? (DNA primase)
RNA
45
Which of the following best describes the control of the lac operon?
Negative feedback
46
Where would you expect is the natural environment of enzyme A (associated with PH levels)?
In an acidic environment
In hot environment
In cold environment
In alkaline environment
In an acidic environment
47
Sex is determined by the number of sex chromosomes inherited when egg and sperm combine?
X-0 system
48
Consider one of the traits Mendel studied in pea plants. According to menders laws of inheritance, which heritable factor determines the organisms phenotype for a specific trait?
The dominate allele
49
What occurs at G1 phase?
The cell synthesizes nucleotides, DNA polymerase, DNA primase, SSBP, Helicase and telomerase (answer)
50
Which functional group when added to DNA, would alter gene expression?
Methyl group
51
Which regulatory mechanism in bacteria is indicated by the diagram shown here? (precursor to tryptophan image)
Feedback inhibition
52
A defect in which of the following molecules would dramatically reduce the rate of diffusion of water across the cell membrane?
Aquaporins
Sodium-potassium pump
ATP
Gated ion channels
Aquaporins
53
Is shape really important?
YES!! Different shape = Different properties
54
When bases accept a proton what charge do they take on?
Positive charge
55
2. Answer the following questions about the polymeric molecule shown here (LOOK AT PIC IN YOUR CAMERA ROLL)
2A. What is the name of this molecules
2B. What does is one role that the molecule plays in a cell?
2C. This molecule consists of 2 strands joined together, each strand has 2 ends. Provide the proper designation of each end: A= B=
2D. This molecule consists of 2 types of bases: one type has one ring (D) and the other type has 2 rings (C). What is the name of the 2 ringed base?
2A: DNA, 2B: contains genes, 2C: A= prime #5, B= prime #3, 2D Purine
56
What is the group property of this functional group N-H-H
Base
57
Sex is determined by the combination of sex chromosomes inherited in the egg?
Z-W system
58
This is sodium, a gentle and lovely little atom (just don’t expose to water or feed after midnight). How does sodium change when it gains a full valence shell?
It becomes a cation
59
How do free radicals affect cells?
They steal electrons from biological molecules leading to DNA damage (answer)
60
To what does the number shown in this image refer? (the bottom left number on an element symbol)
The number of protons
61
Which of the following statements best summarizes an important consequence of the first law of thermodynamics for living organism?
Each organism ultimately must obtain all the necessary energy for life from its environment
The entropy of an organism decreases with time as the organism grows completely
The energy content of a single organism is constant
An organism grows by converting energy into organic matter
Each organism ultimately must obtain all the necessary energy for life from its environment
62
What is an acid?
A proton donor
63
Matthias Schleiden, a botanist, and Theodor Schwann, a zoologist, studied a wide number of organisms and, together, wrote what we know today as Cell Theory: The cell is the basic unit of life and all living organisms consist of one or more cells.
Of what type of reasoning is this an example?
Inductive reasoning
64
What is the mass of an electron?
1/2000th of a Dalton
65
Which of the following structures is not associated with the endomembrane system in eukaryotic cells?
Chloroplast
Plasma membrane
Golgi apparatus
Nuclear envelope
Chloroplast
66
Consider the monosaccharide that has 7 carbons.
What is the name of the monosaccharides?
How many oxygens does it have?
How many hydrogens does it have?
Heptose, O = 7, H = 14
67
What happen to glucose in glycolysis?
Oxidation
Reduction
Synthesis
combustion
Oxidation
68
Julie loved hummingbirds and all summer long she would hang nectar feeders outside her windows and fill them with sugar water to attract those beautiful little flying jewels to her yard. She was always sad when winter came and her beloved hummingbirds would leave for warmer climes. Julie was feeling especially discouraged one cold and bleak winter day in January but comforted herself by thinking, "only three more months and my little friends will return bringing joy back into to my life!"
Of what type of reasoning is this an example?
Deductive reasoning
69
Draw each function and what is their group property? (the groups hydroxyl, methyl, phosphate etc.)
Draw and label on piece of paper
70
Which of the following best models deductive reasoning?
A. General theories to specific predictions
B. specific observations to General conclusions
A
71
Using the pattern explained above write the direction indicator of the DNA molecule indicated by point F (the end that is on the same side as the 3 prime.
5 prime end
72
Answer the following questions about the polymetric molecule shown below (LOOK IN YOUR CAMERA ROLL)
4A. What is the specific name of this molecule?
4B. Describe 2 roles this molecule plays in a cell.
4C. This molecule consists of a linear chain with 2 ends. provide the proper designation for each end A= B=
4D. This molecule, shown above, consists of 3 subunits joined together with covalent bonds. State the functional class of each sub unit. 1= 2= 3=
4A: Protein, 4B: enzymatic, storage, hormonal, receptor, defensive, motor, structure, transport, 4C: A=N-terminus B=C-terminus, 4D: 1= Non-polar, 2= Polar, 3= Non-polar
73
Ultimately, what is the difference between Carbon-12 and Carbon-13?
The number of neutrons
74
Write out the name of the functional group that associated with this end of the DNA molecule (the 5 prime end)
phosphate group
75
Water is a compound consisting of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. Why is water polar?
Electrons spend more time around the oxygen than around the hydrogens, giving the oxygen a partial negative charge and the hydrogens a partial positive charge
76
Agrobacterium infects plants and causes them to form tumors. You are asked to determine how long a plant must be exposed to these bacteria to become infected, Which if the following experiments will provide the best data to address this question?
Measure the number of tumors formed on a plant when exposed to various concentration of Agrobacterium
Determine the survival rate of agrobacterium when exposed to different concentrations of an antibiotic
Measure the concentration of agrobacterium in different soil environments where the plants grow
Measure the number of tumors formed on plants, which are exposed to agrobacterium for different lengths of time
Measure the number of tumors formed on plants, which re exposed to agrobacterium for different lengths of time
77
Which of the following types of reactions would decrease the entropy within a cell?
Anabolic reaction
Hydrolysis
Catabolic reactions
digestion
Anabolic reaction
78
Which of the following is a biological advantage of storing glucose molecules in branched polymers?
They have more sites for enzymatic attack than do unbranched polymers
They are resistant to enzymes
They are insoluble and so provide strength to molecule
They can be stacked together to save space
They have more sites for enzymatic attack than do unbranched polymers
79
Which one of the following would be different on the moon than it would be on earth?
The elemental composition of a specific object
The definition of life
The weight of a specific object
The number of protons in a specific object
The mass of a specific object
The weight of a specific object
80
Certain animal cells normally have well-defined spherical nuclei. Cells with a genetic defect have irregularly nuclei. Which of the following cytoskeletal elements is most likely affected by genetic defect?
Intermediate filaments
Myosin proteins
Microfilaments
microtubules
Intermediate filaments
81
What one word describes molecules that only differ in the covalent arrangement of their atoms?
Isomers
82
Which of the following could be used to claim that fire is alive? (Mark all that apply)
Response to the environment
Growth and development
Order
Regulation/homeostasis
Energy processing
Evolutionary adaptation
Reproduction
Response to the environment, growth and development, energy processing, reproduction
83
A decrease in entropy is associated with which of the following types of reactions?
Dehydration
Hydrolysis
Catabolic
depolymerization
Dehydration
84
Which of the following results is most likely when a plant cell is submerged in a hypertonic solution?
Plasmolysis will shrink the interior of the cell
The cell will burst
The cell will become turgid
The cell will become flaccid
Plasmolysis will shrink the interior of the cell
85
What occurs in the S phase?
The cell initiates reactions at origins of replication (answer)
86
We discussed an experiment wherein we were testing our hypothesis that drinking caffeinated coffee prevents daily memory decline. In this study, memory decline was measured using a memory test.
What was the control group?
A group of randomly placed participants who were not given coffee
A group of women over age 65
A group of randomly placed participants who were given caffeinated coffee
A group of men over age 65
A group of young adults (average age of 25)
A group of randomly placed participants who were given decaffeinated coffee
A group of randomly placed participants who were given decaffeinated coffee
87
Which functional group is a base?
Amino group
88
How many electrons will a single atom of nitrogen with no charge and no bonds have in its valence shell?
14
2
7
5
5
89
How many covalent bonds can this atom form? ( that has a full valance shell)
0
90
Name this functional group -SH
Sulfhydryl
91
Which of the following best compares dehydration reactions and hydrolysis?
Dehydration reactions assemble polymers, and hydrolysis reactions break polymers apart
Hydrolysis assemble polymers, dehydration reactions break polymers apart
Dehydration reactions and hydrolysis assemble polymers from monomers
Dehydration reactions eliminate water from membranes, hydrolysis reactions add water to membranes
Dehydration reactions assemble polymers, and hydrolysis reactions break polymers apart
92
Name the specific linkage that joins two molecules of the following
Monosaccharides
Nucleotides
Amino acids
Glycosidic linkage, phosphodiester linkage, peptide linkage
93
What happens when a ribosome encounters a stop codon?
A water molecule is added to the chain, causing the chain to terminate and leave the ribosome
94
What is the valence of Oxygen? (has 6 electrons on the outer shell)
2
95
We discussed an experiment wherein we were testing our hypothesis that drinking caffeinated coffee prevents daily memory decline. In this study, memory decline was measured using a memory test.
What was the independent variable?
The type of coffee
96
What is the name of the specific linkage that joins two monosaccharides together?
glycosidic linkage
97
In class you were shown a diagram representing the process of science; this diagram had three small circles around a large central circle, and there were arrows going back and forth between all the circles. Each of the following are important components of the process of science; which one of these is the focus of the process of science, as indicated by its placement in the large circle at the center?
Forming and testing hypothesis
98
Which of the following events is most immediately associated with the absorption of energy by chlorophyll molecules of the reaction-center complex?
An electron is excited
ATP is synthesized from energy absorbed
NADPH+ is reduced to NADPH
A molecule of water is split
An electron is excited
99
Which element of this graph represents the dependent variable?
Y-axis
100
Movement of amoebae across a surface requires which of the following activities by components of the cytoskeleton?
Assembly of actin filaments to form bulges in the plasma membrane
Localized contractions driven by myosin and microtubules
Reinforcement of pseudopod with intermediate filaments
Assembly of microtubule extensions that vesicles can follow in the direction of movement
Assembly of actin filaments to form bulges in the plasma membrane
101
Sex is determined by the combination of sex chromosomes that are inherited when egg and sperm combine?
X-Y system
102
In the 1850's 2 scientists studied a wide number of organisms
and together wrote what we know today as cell theory. The cell is the basic unit of life and all living organism consist of one or more cells. Of what type of reasoning is this an example of?
Inductive reasoning
Deductive reasoning
Controlled experimentation
Illogical reasoning
Inductive reasoning
103
Which of the following metabolic process normally occurs in most cells regardless of oxygen availability?
Glycolysis
Oxidation phosphorylation
Fermentation
Citric acid cycle
Glycolysis
104
What is the group property of this functional group -SH
Non-polar
105
Which of the following is a sub-atomic particle with a positive charge?
Proton
Population
Cell
Electron
Neutron
Organelle
Atom
Molecule
Proton
106
What type of system do bees use?
the X-0 system
107
List and explain 4 reasons we discussed in class as to why the garden pea was ideal for Mendel's research
1. Closed reproduction
2. Short breeding cycle
3. Many characteristics
4. Easy to maintain
108
The bubble image of DNA replication the little fragments (the small darkened portion of the tail)
This portion of the arrow is where DNA synthesis begins. What is the name of this small portion of the newly replicated section of DNA?
The primer
109
Which functional group would form crosslinks (covalent bonds) that bind the molecules, such as 2 proteins together?
Sulfhydryl group
110
What do we call the short length of nucleic acid synthesized by this enzyme? (DNA primase)
Primer
111
What is the group property of this functional group -OH
Polar
112
If the substrate has a positive charge, what properties would you expect to find in the enzyme groove/pocket where the substrate binds?
Negative charge
Non-polar
Polar
Positive charge
Negative charge
113
In the diagram shown here, what is the role of tryptophan? (precursor to tryptophan image)
Allosteric repressor
114
Which of the following examples describes a type of potential rather than kinetic energy?
A sucrose molecule
Water rushing out of hoover dam
Heat released by a campfire
Flashes of light emitted by a firefly
A sucrose molecule
115
Which of the following molecules would likely diffuse through the lipid bilayer of a plasma membrane most rapidly?
O2
Sucrose
An amino acid
NA+
O2
116
How many amino acids and peptide bonds does tetrapeptide have?
Four amino acids and three peptide bonds
Three amino acids and four peptide bonds
Four amino acids and four peptide bonds
Four amino acids and two peptide bonds
Four amino acids and three peptide bonds
117
Which of the following is the most likely result when the system has reached equilibrium?
The water levels will be unchanged
The concentration of sucrose on side A will be greater than the concentration of sucrose on side B
The water levels will be unchanged
The water level will be higher in side A than in side B
The water levels will be unchanged
118
Consider one of the traits Mendel studied in pea plants. According to Mendel's laws of inheritance, how many copies of the heritable factor for that trait are present in a single zygote?
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
2
119
What is the mass of a neutron?
1 Dalton
120
Miotic spindle connects with centromeres in……
prometaphase
