BIOLOGY UVU EXAM 2 Flashcards
1
Q
What type of descendants does Archaeplastids contain?
A
cyanobacteria with chloroplasts
2
Q
What are glaucophytes and where are they found?
A
a small group of unicellular algae found in freshwater and moist terrestrial environments
3
Q
What time period were glaucophytes most common? and are they common today?
A
the Proterozoic period and no they are less common
4
Q
What are Virdiplantae?
A
Includes the largest amount of genetic diversity among plant-like organisms
5
Q
What are Charophytes closest relatives?
A
green algae
6
Q
What durable layer does Charophytes have? and what does the durable layer do?
A
sporopollein which prevents zygotes from drying out
7
Q
What traits do land plants include?
A
- Chlorophyll A and B
- Cellulose
- Structure of flagellated sperm
- Formation of sporopollenin
8
Q
What are some derived traits that plants have?
A
- Protection from desiccation (cuticle)
- Protection from predators (secondary compounds)
- Transport of water, minerals and nutrients by xylem (tracheid) and phloem (plumbing)
9
Q
What are 4 key traits that are in all land plants but not in charophytes?
A
- Alternation of generations (with multicellular dependent embryos)
- Walled spores produced in sporangia
- Multicellular gametangia
- Apical meristems
10
Q
What reproductive cycle do plants use?
A
alteration of generation (sporic)
11
Q
Are the gametophytes haploid or diploid in plants? And what does it produce? And by what process?
A
it is haploid and produces haploid gametes by mitosis
12
Q
Are the sporophytes haploid or diploid in plants? And what does it produce? And by what process?
A
it is diploid, and produces haploid spores by meiosis
13
Q
When the fusion of the haploid gametes happens what does it create?
A
the diploid sporophyte
14
Q
What are land plants called in the science world? and why?
A
they are called embryophytes bc of the dependency of the embryo on the parent
15
Q
how can you tell if a plant is ancestral or vascular?
A
ancestral = gametophyte is mostly visible
vascular = gametophyte is barely visible
16
Q
What are the haploid spores called that sporophytes produce?
A
sporangia
17
Q
What are the diploid cells called that sporangia produce?
A
sporocysts
18
Q
When sporocysts undergo meiosis what are the haploid spores that are produced called?
A
sporewalls
19
Q
What do sporewalls contain? and why are they important?
A
sporopollenin which makes them resistan to harsh environments
20
Q
After the haploid gametes fuse from the gametophyte, what is the process the sporophyte goes through?
A
The sporophyte produces spores called sporangia
Diploid cells called sporocytes undergo meiosis to generate haploid spores
Sporewalls contain sporopollenin which makes them resistan to harsh environments
21
Q
What are produced within gametangia?
A
Gametes are produced within the walls called gametangia
22
Q
What are female gametangia called? And what do they produce?
A
archegonia produce eggs and are the site of fertilization
23
Q
What are male gametangia called?
A
antheridia are the site of sperm production and release
24
Q
What happens in the apical meristem?
A
- Where Plants sustain their growth
- Cells from this differentiate into various tissues
25
How many years ago were plants on the land?
475 million years ago
26
What are non vascular plants called?
bryophytes
27
What are the two clades that seedless plants can be divided into?
- Lycophytes (club mosses and their relatives)
- Pterophytes (ferns and their relatives)
28
What group are seedless vascular plants in? (para, poly, mono)
Paraphyletic
29
What parts of the plant are missing from nonvascular that are in vascular plants?
Nonvascular = no xylem or phloem
Vascular = they have xylem and phloem
30
What is a seed (in science terms)?
An embryo nutrients surrounded by a protective coat
31
What are gymnosperms (the definition)?
(the naked seed plants including conifers)
32
What are Angiosperms (the definition)?
(the vessel seed plants are the flowering plants)
33
What are the 3 phyla for Bryophytes
- Liverworts (phylum hepatophyta)
- Hornworts ( phylum anthocerophyta)
- Mosses (phylum broyphyta)
34
What are bryrohytes and what do they contain?
Are non-photosynthetic eukaryotic autotrophs that have a cellulose cell wall and chlorophylls a and b
35
Mature gametophytes produces what from the______? And where does the product go to?
produces flagellated sperm in the antheridia and the sperm swims to the egg (archegonium)
36
What do rhizoids do?
Anchor gametophytes to substrate
37
Fossils of vascular plants are how old?
420 million years old
38
What are living vascular plants characterized by?
- Life cycles with dominate sporophytes separate from the gametophyte, along with flagellated sperm
- Vascular tissues called xylem and phloem
- Well-developed roots, not rhizoids (400 mill years ago in lycopod fossils) and leaves. No seeds
39
What was the first vascular plant?
Cooksonia
40
What is larger in seedless vascular plants the gametophyte or the sporophyte?
sporophyte
41
How many types of spores does homosporous produce?
one type
42
What are the two types of vascular tissue in vascular plants? What kind of nutrients do they move around? and it what direction?
- Xylem (conducts most of the water and minerals includes dead cells called tracheids) goes up
- Phloem (consists of living cells and distributes sugars, amino acids, and other organic product) goes down
43
What do water conducing cells do for vascular plants?
Water conducting cells are strengthened by lignin and provide structural support
44
What are roots?
organs that anchor vascular plants
45
What are leaves (scientific)?
Leaves are organs that increase surface area of vascular plants that capture more solar energy for photosynthesis
46
How are leaves characterized into groups?
- Micophylls (leaves with a single vein)
- Megaphylls (leaves with a highly branched vascular system)
47
What are Sporophylls?
Modified leaves with sporangia
48
What are Sori?
Clusters of sporangia on the underside of sporophylls
49
What are Strobili?
Are cone-like structures formed from groups of sporophylls
50
What are most vascular plants (homosporous or heterosporous)? and what does the spore it develop into?
homosporous which produce one type of spore that develops into bisexual gametophyte
51
What are all seed plants (homosporous or heterosporous?
heterosporous
52
How does Heterosporous work?
Heterosporous species produce megaspores that give rise to female gametophytes and microspores that give rise to male gametophytes
53
What are the two phyla of seedless vascular plants? What kind of organisms (plants and stuff) do they include in each phyla? And what do they have?
- Phylum lycophyta includes club mosses, spike mosses, and quilworms
- Phylum pterophyta includes ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns and their relatives
- All of the above (including the bryophytes) have flagellated sperm
54
What are seeds (scientific)?
Consists of asporophytic embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coat
55
What characteristics are common in all seed plants?
- Reduced gametophytes
- Heterospory
- Ovules
- Pollen
56
What are the two clades that living seed plants can be classified in?
gymnosperms and angiosperms
57
What are gymnosperms?
They are in the fossil record (so really old) and they are better suited for non vascular plants
58
What are angiosperms?
They are just the evolved version of the gymnosperm
59
Were the ancestors of seed plants homosporous or heterosporous?
homosporous
60
Are seed plants today homosporous or heterosporous?
heterosporous
61
What does microsporangia produce?
Microspores
62
What do microspores give rise to/produce?
male gametophytes (pollen)
63
What do ovules consist of?
megasporangium, megaspore, and one or more protective integuments
64
How many integuments do gymnosperms have?
one
65
How many integuments do angiosperms have?
two
66
Where does a seed develop?
from the whole ovule
67
A seed has evolutionary advantages over what?
Spores
68
How are seeds transported?
By wind, animals, and water
69
What kind of seed do gymnosperms have?
a naked seed not enclosed by ovaries
70
What are the 4 phyla that classify gymnosperms?
- Cycadophyta (cycads)
- Ginkgophyta (one living species: ginkgo biloba)
- Gnetophyta (three genera: gnetum, ephedra, welwitschia)
- Coniferophyta (conifers, such as pine, fir, and redwood)
71
What was the plant called in the late Devonian period?
PROGYMNOSPERMS
72
What did PROGYMNOSPERMS acquire during the late Devonian time period?
Some adaptations that characterize seed plants today
73
Were PROGYMNOSPERMS homosporous or heterosporous?
Some species were homosporous and some were heterosporous
74
Classify
Cycadophyta the phyla for gymnosperms
- Have large cones and ovulate on separate plants (are heterosporous)
- They thrived during the Mesozoic, but relatively few species exist today, (dinosaur food)
- Their sperm is multiflagellated, and some actually have insects such as beetles help pollinate them (they eat pollen). So in this way they are like angiosperms
75
Classify Ginkgophyta the phyla for gymnosperms
- Has high tolerance to air pollution and is a popular ornamental tree, tracheid, ovules and microsporangia on separate plants
- Sperm is multiflagellated
- The fleshy seed coat has a vile order from butanoic and hexanoic acids. Fatty acids found in rancid butter and Romano cheese
76
Classify
Gnetophyta the phyla for gymnosperms
- Species vary in appearance some live in tropical areas and some in the deserts
- Tracheid and vessel elements, no motile sperm, ovulate and microsporangia cones on separate plants, EPHEDRA HAS DOUBLE FERTILIZATION LIKE ANGIOSPERM, BUT PRODUCES EXTRA EMBRYOS INSTEAD OF 3n ENDOSPERM
- Three genera
77
Classify Coniferophyta the phyla for gymnosperms
- The largest phylum between the 4 the gymnosperm phyla
- can do photosynthesis year round, no motile sperm, have tracheids (plumbing) and have microsporangia cones
-
78
How do pine trees disperse their seeds?
By using the wind to blow their seeds around
79
What are cones on pine trees in the phyla Coniferophyta?
They are modified leaves
80
What is a fruit and what does it consist of?
It is the ovary that consists of a mature ovary but also includes other flower plants
81
What do fruits protect?
seeds
82
How do fruits help out seeds? (besides from protecting them)
Help with their dispersal (helping them disperse out and all that fun stuff)
83
What are seeds? (scientific terms)
Are the ovules that can be carried by wind, water, or animals to new locations
84
What does frugivorous mean?
They are fruit eating animals
85
What adaptations have seeds obtained?
They are resistant to digestive enzymes, resist low PH levels, need disruption to germinate
86
What kinds of things need to happen so that the seeds that need disruption to germinate can germinate?
get acid or enzyme action on them or scarification (scratching of the seed
87
What do seeds need to be safe while going down the digestive tract?
they need seed coats
88
What will attract animal dispersers easily?
nectar and brightly colored reproductive parts
89
What kind of membranes do most mammals have?
Skin and mucous membranes
90
What are skin and mucous membranes sensitive to?
Phenolic secretions of plants like poison ivy and oak
91
What other parts/things on a plant attract mammals?
colors and patterns, flower structures, odors, nectar
92
What are some parts/things on a plant that protect/defend plants?
anatomic structures, sticky traps, chemical compounds
93
What are anatomical structures on a plant?
(plants have spines, spikes and thorns that deter predators)
94
What are chemical compounds on a plant?
plants synthesize chemicals that doesn’t let animals eat them)
95
Where does the female gametophyte (embryo or sac) develop in a plant?
the ovule
96
When does double fertilization occur?
- Double fertilization occurs when the pollen tube discharges 2 sperm into the female gametophyte within an ovule
97
What is double fertilization unique to?
angiosperms
98
What happens in double fertilization?
one of the sperm fertilizes the egg while the other combines with 2 nuclei in the central cell of the female gametophyte
99
What does double fertilization initiate?
development of food-storing endosperm
100
What does the endosperm do with the developing embryo?
It nourishes it
101
What do orchids have and do that not all flowers have?
they have extensive endosperm reserves, and have the smallest seeds of any angiosperm and germinate quickly after being released from the ovary (the seeds)
102
The embryo in a seed consists of what?
A root and 3 seed leaves
103
What are the 3 seed leaves called that are in a seed?
cotyledons
104
How old are the primitive fossils of angiosperm?
122.6-125.8 million years old
105
What do the primitive fossils of angiosperm have that make them so special?
have derived and primitive traits
106
What is an example of a primitive trait in the primitive fossils of angiosperm? And what is the name?
Archaefructus sinensis (one of the fossils) has anthers and seeds but lacks petals and sepals
107
How old is the oldest known angiosperm (flower) fossil? And where was it found? And what time period?
162 million years ago (the Jurassic period) found in china
108
In the lifecycle of a pine what is the pine considered? and what does it produce?
a sporophyte and it produces male and female cones
109
What do male cones produce?
microspores called pollen grains
110
What do the microspores contain?
male gametophyte which disperse in the wind
111
What do larger cones contain?
they contain ovules
112
What do the ovules on the large cone produce?
megaspores
113
What do megaspores develop into?
female gametophytes
114
How long does it take the cone production to produce a seed?
3 years
115
How do cones produce seeds?
Male cones release pollen grains that require wind to reach a female cone
The female cone have ovules on the scales and they produce seeds when fertilized by the pollen
116
What are angiosperm?
vessel seeds
117
What are the reproductive structures on angiosperms called? And are the widespread and diverse?
flowers and fruit and YES THEY ARE
118
What phylum are angiosperms classified under?
the phylum Anthophyta
119
What is the flower structure on an angiosperm specialized for?
For sexual reproduction
120
What 4 types of modified leaves does a flower have?
sepals
petals
stamen
carpels
121
What are sepals/what do they do?
enclose the flower
122
What are petals/what do they do?
attract pollinators
123
What are stamen/what do they do?
produce pollen on the anther
124
What are carpals/what do they do?
produce ovules
125
what are the different parts of the carpel?
an ovary at the base and style leading up to the top a stigma where pollen is received (do the label the flower exercise for more help
126
what did the ancestors of seedless vascular plants form?
formed the first forests
127
What time period did the ancestors of seedless vascular plants form the forests?
Devonian and carboniferous periods
128
What is the proper scientific term for forests when there are no true wood plants?
Mats
129
What happened to the decaying ancestorial seedless vascular plants?
they all became coal
130
What are the two main groups of angiosperms?
Eudicots and dicots
131
What are basal angiosperms?
they have 3 small lineages that define the basal angiosperms
132
What organisms are in the 3 lineages of basal angiosperms?
amborella trichopoda, water lilies and star anise
133
What group of angiosperms makes up 2/3 of angiosperms?
Eudicots
134
What do dicots evolve to? and What do monocots evolve to?
dicots evolve to eudicots and monocots evolve to dicots
135
What are magnoliids closely related to?
to monocots and eudicots
136
What group of angiosperms makes up 1/4 of angiosperms?
monocots
137
What makes self-closing sea grass so special?
It has been cloning itself for 4,500 years. This makes the plant the largest living organism
138
What is Utah's Pando?
is a colony of 40,000 aspen trees are connected by their roots.
139
What do plants have that multicellular animals also have?
they have organs composed of different tissues which are composed of different cells
140
What systems are plant organs organized into?
A shoot system and a root system
141
What are the 3 basic organs that are in the shoot and root systems?
roots, leaves, stems
142
What are the three different types of roots?
taproots, adventitious, fibrous
143
What are taproots?
(system consists of one main vertical root that gives rise to lateral roots or branched roots) (California poppy and blazing star use this)
144
What are adventitious roots?
( arise from stems or leaves) (ferns use this)
145
What are fibrous roots?
(characterized by thin lateral roots with no main root) (seedless vascular plants and monocots and grasses have this)
146
Where does water absorption and minerals occur?
near root hairs
147
What do roots rely on? and from what system?
on sugar produced by photosynthesis in the shoot system
148
What do shoots rely on? and from what system?
on water and minerals absorbed by the root system
149
What kinds of organs does a stem consist of?
An alternating system of nodes
Internodes
150
What are Internodes?
the points at which leaves are attached
151
What are An alternating system of nodes?
the points at which leaves are attached
152
What direction do axillary buds form? And what do they form?
they form laterally and form lateral shoots and branches
153
How do apical buds from? And what do they form?
it forms up and down and they do not form anything new but helps a young shoot grow up and down
154
How does apical dominance work?
The top apical buds is where growth occurs vertically unless the apical bud is cut off which then causes the axillary buds to promote lateral growth.
155
What does apical dominance help?
maintain dormancy is most non apical buds
156
What do leaves consist of?
a flattened blade and a stalk called the periole which joins the leaf to a node of a stem
157
What is a leaf? (scientific terms)
The main photosynthetic organ of most vascular plants
158
How can you tell the difference between a monocot leaf and a Eudicot leaf?
Monocot
- have parallel leaves veins
Eudicot
- have netted or reticulate veins
159
What do Eudicot and monocot leaves have that are similar? And what do they form
dermal, vascular and ground tissues. And each of those forms a tissue system
160
What does the dermal tissue system consist of in a nonwoody dicot?
an epidermis
161
What prevents water loss from the epidermis? And what is it made of?
the cuticle which is a waxy coating
162
What are the protective tissues that replace the epidermis in woody dicots?
the periderm
163
Where are the 3 tissue systems located in/on a plant?
Vascular (the inner most tissue), Then the ground tissue, then the dermal tissue is on the outside
164
What are some characteristics of the plant cell Parenchyma?
- Have thin and flexible primary walls
- Lack secondary walls
- Are least specialized
- Performs the most metabolic functions
- Retain the ability to divide and differentiate
- Example the white fleshy parts of an apple or other fruits (elodea cells)
165
What are some characteristics of the plant cell Collenchyma?
- Are grouped in strands and help support young parts of the plant shoot
- They have thicker and uneven primary cell walls
- They lack secondary walls
- These cells provide flexible support without restraining growth for young growing parts of the plant
Example celery strands
166
What are some characteristics of the plant cell Sclerenchyma ?
- Are ridged because of thick secondary walls strengthened by lignin
- Fibers (are long and slender and arranged in threads
- Sclereids (are short and irregular in shape and have thick lignified secondary walls. Examples are nutshells and seed coats)
167
What are the two water conducing plant cell?
tracheid, vessel elements
168
What are the size of Tracheids and what types of plants are they found in?
They are small and long and in ALL vascular plants
169
What are the size of Vessel elements and what are they found in?
They are large and wide and found in angiosperms and gymnosperms
170
What are rays? And what direction do they take their organic compounds?
They are horizontal rows of parenchyma cells and they take their organic compounds laterally
171
What are sieve-tube elements?
They lack organelles but are the sugar transporting cells
172
Are sieve tubes mostly in angiosperms or gymnosperms?
Angiosperms
173
What does each sieve-tube element have that makes them special? And what does it do?
a companion cell whose nucleus and ribosomes serve both cells
174
What are sieve plates?
- Are the porous end walls that allow fluid to flow between cells along the sieve tube
175
What are xylem and phloem dead or alive?
Xylem is dead at maturity
Phloem is alive always
176
What are meristems?
Are embryonic tissue and allow for indeterminate growth
177
What does Indeterminate growth mean?
A plant that can grow through its life
178
What does determinate growth mean?
Some plant organs cease to grow at a certain size
179
What are some characteristics of Annuals (plants)? And some examples
Complete their life cycle in a year or less
Examples are wildflowers, garden flowers, vegetables, and weeds
180
What are some characteristics of biennials (plants)? And some examples
Require two growing seasons
Examples: Snapdragons
181
What are some characteristics of Perennials (plants)? And some examples
Live for many years
Examples are pines and firs
182
Where are apical meristems located and what do they do?
- Are located at the tips of roots and shoots and at the axillary buds of shoots
- They elongate shoots and roots, a process called primary growth
183
What do lateral meristems do?
Add thickness to woody plants, a process called secondary growth
184
What are the two types of lateral meristems called?
Cambium and the cork cambium
185
What does the vascular cambium do?
- Adds layers of vascular tissue called secondary xylem (which makes up most of the wood of a tree) and secondary phloem
186
What does the cork cambium do?
Replaces the epidermis with periderm which is thicker and tougher
187
What does primary growth produce?
produces the primary plant body, the parts of the root and shoot systems produced by the apical meristems. They produce epidermis, ground tissue, and vascular tissue
188
How are vascular tissues shaped in Eudicots?
they are in bundles in a shape of a ring
189
How are vascular tissues shaped in monocot stems?
bundles that are scattered throughout the ground tissue
190
Where does secondary growth occur?
It occurs in stems and roots of wood plants
191
What produces secondary growth?
the vascular cambium and the cork cambium
192
What groups does secondary growth occur in? (like gymnosperms, angiosperms, monocots etc.)
gymnosperms, eudicots BUT NO MONOCOTS
193
What happens to secondary xylem as it gets older in tress or woody shrubs?
It turns into heartwood which does not transport water and minerals anymore
194
What is sapwood and how does it work?
they are Xylem that still transport water minerals and materials
195
What does the periderm consist of?
the cork cambium and the cork cells it produces
196
What does bark in a woody plant consist of?
ALL the tissues external to the vascular cambium, which includes the secondary phloem and the periderm
197
What do lenticles allow in the periderm?
Allow for gas exchange between living stem or root cells and the outside air
198
what does the cork cambium produce?
the periderm
199
What is plasticity? What is an example plant?
The ability that a plant has to alter itself in response to the environment example is the fanwort
200
Where are soil fungi found?
in the soil
201
What stops soil fungi to be found/live in the soil?
fungicides or sterilization that has altered the soil
202
What is mycorrhizae?
The symbiotic association between roots and hyphae
203
What is the symbiotic association between roots and hyphae called
mycorrhizae
204
What does the mycorrhizae do to help soil fungi?
they provide more surface area of absorption of minerals and water
205
How has a mutualistic relationship between fungi and plants helped plants?
Helped plants colonize the land
206
What is water potential or water activity?
is a measurement that combines the effects of solute concentration and pressure in other words, water movement
207
What does water potential help determine?
the amount and direction of movement of water
208
How does water flow?
Water flows from regions of higher water potential to regions of lower water potential
209
What makes up the total potential energy of water in a cell?
It is the sum of its pressure potential and solute potential. It represents the total potential energy of the water in the cell
210
What is solute potential proportional to?
Is proportional to the number of dissolved molecules
211
What is pressure potential?
Is the physical pressure on a solution
212
What is turgor pressure?
Is the pressure exerted by the plasma membrane against the cell wall, and the cell wall against the protoplast
213
What happens to a flaccid cell (a normal cell) when it is placed in a higher solute concentration?
the cell will lose water and undergo plasmolysis
214
What happens to a flaccid cell (a normal cell) when it is placed in a lower solute concentration?
the cell will gain water and be turgid
215
What does turgor loss in plants cause?
causes wilting in plants
216
How can turgor loss (wilting in plants) be reversed?
when the plant is watered
217
How does water and minerals travel thorough the transmembrane route?
out of one cell, across a cell wall, and into another cell
218
How does water and minerals travel thorough the symplastic route?
via the continuum of cytoplasm (the cytoplasm of neighboring cells is connected by channels called plasmodesmata)
219
How does water and minerals travel thorough the apoplastic route?
via the cell walls and extracellular spaces
220
Root hairs account for what in roots?
absorption of waters and minerals AND SURFACE AREA
221
What is the inner most layer in the root cortex?
the endodermis
222
What type of route does water use to cross the root cortex?
the symplastic or apoplastic route
223
What is the function of the casparian strip of the endodermal wall?
blocks the apoplastic system transfer of minerals from the cortex to the vascular cylinder
224
What does the casparian strip use to filter material?
the symplastic system
225
What does the caspirian strip ensure?
that all water and dissolved substances must pass through a cell membrane before entering the xylem in the stele
226
What is bulk flow driven by?
negative pressure in the xylem
227
How do plants lose a large volume of water?
From transpiration (the evaporation of water to the plants surface?
228
Water is replaced by what in plants?
by the bulk flow of water and minerals called xylem sap
229
What causes root pressure ?
by continuous accumulation of ions in the roots
230
How does root pressure work?
It causes water and dissolved minerals to move into plant and up the xylem despite the absence of transpiration
231
What generates root pressure?
Water flow from the root cortex
232
What is Guttation?
the form of water droplets on tips or edges of leaves
233
What does root pressure sometimes result to?
guttation
234
How does guttation occur?
occurs when root pressure exceeds transpiration pull
235
How does xylem sap work?
Water is pulled upward by negative pressure in the xylem
236
What are some characteristics of xylem sap?
It conducts materials within dead cells
It has lower water potential than soil does
No energy input is required for xylem transport
237
Explain the process of transpirational pull. And what does it create?
Water vapor in the airspaces of a leaf diffuses down its water potential gradient and exits the leaf via stomata. Evaporation of water through stoma creates a negative pressure.
238
What does the negative pressure cause in transpirational pull?
exerts a pulling force on water in the xylem pulling water into the leaf
239
What parts of the tree are involved in transpirational pull on the xylem sap? (in order)
from the leaves to the root tips and even into the soil solution
240
Cohesion of what molecules or parts of the tree are facilitated by transpirational pull?
by cohesion of water molecules to each other
241
Adhesion of what molecules or parts of the tree are facilitated by transpirational pull?
water molecules to cell walls and capillary action of the tracheids
242
Overall how does xylem sap work? (give a basic review of it all explain it)
- Transpiration lowers water potential in leaves and this generates negative pressure that pulls water up through the xylem
There is no energy cost to bulk flow of xylem sap
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What type of water conducing parts do angiosperms and gymnosperms have?
Angiosperms - tracheids and vessels
Gymnosperms - tracheids
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Why can redwood trees have an advantage when it comes to moving water up and down? (using xylem sap)
that tracheids have adhesive and cohesive forces greater in narrow cylinders and can work more efficiently in the tallest trees
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What do ALL eukaryotic organisms have?
have internal clocks. Circadian rhythms are 24 hour cycles
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What are Xerophytes?
plants adapted to arid climates
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What adaptation does xerophytes have that make them special/are known for?
They have leaf modifications that some plants use a specialized form of photosynthesis called crassulacean acid metabolism where stomatal gas exchange occurs at night
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What are some other adaptations the xerophytes have to help them reduce water loss?
sunken stomata, small thick leaves, trichome hairs which reduce the rate of transpiration, silver reflective coloring, and C4 photosynthesis
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What is the adaptation called that allows plants to limit water loss in drought conditions?
morphological adaptations
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How are the products of photosynthesis transported through the cell?
through phloem by the process called translocation
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What does the phloem sap have a lot of?
sucrose
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What is a sugar source?
an organ that is a net producer of sugar, such as mature leaves
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What is a sugar sink?
an organ that is a net consumer or storer of sugar
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What are some examples of sugar sinks?
a tuber or bulb, a fruit, a young growing leaf, a growing leaf root
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What can a storage organ be in the summer? And what can it be in the winter?
can be both a sugar sink in summer and sugar source in winter
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What are the steps that the phloem takes to move sugars, amino acids, and hormones?
1. Leaf produces the sugar
2. Sugar is transported from cell to cell in the leaf
3. Solutes are moved (active transport) into the sieve tubes
4. Water diffuses into the sieve tubes
5. Sugar moves to a sink
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How does regular sap move through angiosperms?
sap moves through a sieve tubes by bulk flow driven by positive pressure
