BIOLOGY UVU EXAM 2 Flashcards
What type of descendants does Archaeplastids contain?
cyanobacteria with chloroplasts
What are glaucophytes and where are they found?
a small group of unicellular algae found in freshwater and moist terrestrial environments
What time period were glaucophytes most common? and are they common today?
the Proterozoic period and no they are less common
What are Virdiplantae?
Includes the largest amount of genetic diversity among plant-like organisms
What are Charophytes closest relatives?
green algae
What durable layer does Charophytes have? and what does the durable layer do?
sporopollein which prevents zygotes from drying out
What traits do land plants include?
- Chlorophyll A and B
- Cellulose
- Structure of flagellated sperm
- Formation of sporopollenin
What are some derived traits that plants have?
- Protection from desiccation (cuticle)
- Protection from predators (secondary compounds)
- Transport of water, minerals and nutrients by xylem (tracheid) and phloem (plumbing)
What are 4 key traits that are in all land plants but not in charophytes?
- Alternation of generations (with multicellular dependent embryos)
- Walled spores produced in sporangia
- Multicellular gametangia
- Apical meristems
What reproductive cycle do plants use?
alteration of generation (sporic)
Are the gametophytes haploid or diploid in plants? And what does it produce? And by what process?
it is haploid and produces haploid gametes by mitosis
Are the sporophytes haploid or diploid in plants? And what does it produce? And by what process?
it is diploid, and produces haploid spores by meiosis
When the fusion of the haploid gametes happens what does it create?
the diploid sporophyte
What are land plants called in the science world? and why?
they are called embryophytes bc of the dependency of the embryo on the parent
how can you tell if a plant is ancestral or vascular?
ancestral = gametophyte is mostly visible
vascular = gametophyte is barely visible
What are the haploid spores called that sporophytes produce?
sporangia
What are the diploid cells called that sporangia produce?
sporocysts
When sporocysts undergo meiosis what are the haploid spores that are produced called?
sporewalls
What do sporewalls contain? and why are they important?
sporopollenin which makes them resistan to harsh environments
After the haploid gametes fuse from the gametophyte, what is the process the sporophyte goes through?
The sporophyte produces spores called sporangia
Diploid cells called sporocytes undergo meiosis to generate haploid spores
Sporewalls contain sporopollenin which makes them resistan to harsh environments
What are produced within gametangia?
Gametes are produced within the walls called gametangia
What are female gametangia called? And what do they produce?
archegonia produce eggs and are the site of fertilization
What are male gametangia called?
antheridia are the site of sperm production and release
What happens in the apical meristem?
- Where Plants sustain their growth
- Cells from this differentiate into various tissues
How many years ago were plants on the land?
475 million years ago
What are non vascular plants called?
bryophytes
What are the two clades that seedless plants can be divided into?
- Lycophytes (club mosses and their relatives)
- Pterophytes (ferns and their relatives)
What group are seedless vascular plants in? (para, poly, mono)
Paraphyletic
What parts of the plant are missing from nonvascular that are in vascular plants?
Nonvascular = no xylem or phloem
Vascular = they have xylem and phloem
What is a seed (in science terms)?
An embryo nutrients surrounded by a protective coat
What are gymnosperms (the definition)?
(the naked seed plants including conifers)
What are Angiosperms (the definition)?
(the vessel seed plants are the flowering plants)
What are the 3 phyla for Bryophytes
- Liverworts (phylum hepatophyta)
- Hornworts ( phylum anthocerophyta)
- Mosses (phylum broyphyta)
What are bryrohytes and what do they contain?
Are non-photosynthetic eukaryotic autotrophs that have a cellulose cell wall and chlorophylls a and b
Mature gametophytes produces what from the______? And where does the product go to?
produces flagellated sperm in the antheridia and the sperm swims to the egg (archegonium)
What do rhizoids do?
Anchor gametophytes to substrate
Fossils of vascular plants are how old?
420 million years old
What are living vascular plants characterized by?
- Life cycles with dominate sporophytes separate from the gametophyte, along with flagellated sperm
- Vascular tissues called xylem and phloem
- Well-developed roots, not rhizoids (400 mill years ago in lycopod fossils) and leaves. No seeds
What was the first vascular plant?
Cooksonia
What is larger in seedless vascular plants the gametophyte or the sporophyte?
sporophyte
How many types of spores does homosporous produce?
one type
What are the two types of vascular tissue in vascular plants? What kind of nutrients do they move around? and it what direction?
- Xylem (conducts most of the water and minerals includes dead cells called tracheids) goes up
- Phloem (consists of living cells and distributes sugars, amino acids, and other organic product) goes down
What do water conducing cells do for vascular plants?
Water conducting cells are strengthened by lignin and provide structural support
What are roots?
organs that anchor vascular plants
What are leaves (scientific)?
Leaves are organs that increase surface area of vascular plants that capture more solar energy for photosynthesis
How are leaves characterized into groups?
- Micophylls (leaves with a single vein)
- Megaphylls (leaves with a highly branched vascular system)
What are Sporophylls?
Modified leaves with sporangia
What are Sori?
Clusters of sporangia on the underside of sporophylls
What are Strobili?
Are cone-like structures formed from groups of sporophylls
What are most vascular plants (homosporous or heterosporous)? and what does the spore it develop into?
homosporous which produce one type of spore that develops into bisexual gametophyte
What are all seed plants (homosporous or heterosporous?
heterosporous
How does Heterosporous work?
Heterosporous species produce megaspores that give rise to female gametophytes and microspores that give rise to male gametophytes
What are the two phyla of seedless vascular plants? What kind of organisms (plants and stuff) do they include in each phyla? And what do they have?
- Phylum lycophyta includes club mosses, spike mosses, and quilworms
- Phylum pterophyta includes ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns and their relatives
- All of the above (including the bryophytes) have flagellated sperm
What are seeds (scientific)?
Consists of asporophytic embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coat
What characteristics are common in all seed plants?
- Reduced gametophytes
- Heterospory
- Ovules
- Pollen
What are the two clades that living seed plants can be classified in?
gymnosperms and angiosperms
What are gymnosperms?
They are in the fossil record (so really old) and they are better suited for non vascular plants
What are angiosperms?
They are just the evolved version of the gymnosperm
Were the ancestors of seed plants homosporous or heterosporous?
homosporous
Are seed plants today homosporous or heterosporous?
heterosporous
What does microsporangia produce?
Microspores
What do microspores give rise to/produce?
male gametophytes (pollen)
What do ovules consist of?
megasporangium, megaspore, and one or more protective integuments
How many integuments do gymnosperms have?
one
How many integuments do angiosperms have?
two
Where does a seed develop?
from the whole ovule
A seed has evolutionary advantages over what?
Spores
How are seeds transported?
By wind, animals, and water
What kind of seed do gymnosperms have?
a naked seed not enclosed by ovaries
What are the 4 phyla that classify gymnosperms?
- Cycadophyta (cycads)
- Ginkgophyta (one living species: ginkgo biloba)
- Gnetophyta (three genera: gnetum, ephedra, welwitschia)
- Coniferophyta (conifers, such as pine, fir, and redwood)
What was the plant called in the late Devonian period?
PROGYMNOSPERMS
What did PROGYMNOSPERMS acquire during the late Devonian time period?
Some adaptations that characterize seed plants today
Were PROGYMNOSPERMS homosporous or heterosporous?
Some species were homosporous and some were heterosporous
Classify
Cycadophyta the phyla for gymnosperms
- Have large cones and ovulate on separate plants (are heterosporous)
- They thrived during the Mesozoic, but relatively few species exist today, (dinosaur food)
- Their sperm is multiflagellated, and some actually have insects such as beetles help pollinate them (they eat pollen). So in this way they are like angiosperms
Classify Ginkgophyta the phyla for gymnosperms
- Has high tolerance to air pollution and is a popular ornamental tree, tracheid, ovules and microsporangia on separate plants
- Sperm is multiflagellated
- The fleshy seed coat has a vile order from butanoic and hexanoic acids. Fatty acids found in rancid butter and Romano cheese
Classify
Gnetophyta the phyla for gymnosperms
- Species vary in appearance some live in tropical areas and some in the deserts
- Tracheid and vessel elements, no motile sperm, ovulate and microsporangia cones on separate plants, EPHEDRA HAS DOUBLE FERTILIZATION LIKE ANGIOSPERM, BUT PRODUCES EXTRA EMBRYOS INSTEAD OF 3n ENDOSPERM
- Three genera
Classify Coniferophyta the phyla for gymnosperms
- The largest phylum between the 4 the gymnosperm phyla
- ## can do photosynthesis year round, no motile sperm, have tracheids (plumbing) and have microsporangia cones
How do pine trees disperse their seeds?
By using the wind to blow their seeds around
What are cones on pine trees in the phyla Coniferophyta?
They are modified leaves
What is a fruit and what does it consist of?
It is the ovary that consists of a mature ovary but also includes other flower plants
What do fruits protect?
seeds
How do fruits help out seeds? (besides from protecting them)
Help with their dispersal (helping them disperse out and all that fun stuff)
What are seeds? (scientific terms)
Are the ovules that can be carried by wind, water, or animals to new locations
What does frugivorous mean?
They are fruit eating animals
What adaptations have seeds obtained?
They are resistant to digestive enzymes, resist low PH levels, need disruption to germinate
What kinds of things need to happen so that the seeds that need disruption to germinate can germinate?
get acid or enzyme action on them or scarification (scratching of the seed
What do seeds need to be safe while going down the digestive tract?
they need seed coats
What will attract animal dispersers easily?
nectar and brightly colored reproductive parts
What kind of membranes do most mammals have?
Skin and mucous membranes
What are skin and mucous membranes sensitive to?
Phenolic secretions of plants like poison ivy and oak
What other parts/things on a plant attract mammals?
colors and patterns, flower structures, odors, nectar
What are some parts/things on a plant that protect/defend plants?
anatomic structures, sticky traps, chemical compounds
What are anatomical structures on a plant?
(plants have spines, spikes and thorns that deter predators)
What are chemical compounds on a plant?
plants synthesize chemicals that doesn’t let animals eat them)
Where does the female gametophyte (embryo or sac) develop in a plant?
the ovule
When does double fertilization occur?
- Double fertilization occurs when the pollen tube discharges 2 sperm into the female gametophyte within an ovule
What is double fertilization unique to?
angiosperms
What happens in double fertilization?
one of the sperm fertilizes the egg while the other combines with 2 nuclei in the central cell of the female gametophyte
What does double fertilization initiate?
development of food-storing endosperm
What does the endosperm do with the developing embryo?
It nourishes it
What do orchids have and do that not all flowers have?
they have extensive endosperm reserves, and have the smallest seeds of any angiosperm and germinate quickly after being released from the ovary (the seeds)
The embryo in a seed consists of what?
A root and 3 seed leaves