Exam 1 Flashcards
What is Evolution?
a process of biological change in which species accumulate differences from their ancestors as they adapt to different environments over time.
Emergent Properties
a characteristic something/someone gains when it becomes part of a bigger system. ( help them better adapt to their environment)
Cell theory
The theory states that all living organisms are made of cells, which are the basic unit of life.
What are the 5 themes of biology?
- Evolution, 2. Organization, 3. Information, 4. Interactions, 5. Energy matter
Cells
The smallest working organism that can live on their own and make up EVERY living organism and tissues of the body
What are the 2 types of cells?
Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic
What is the biological levels of organization of living things? (simplest to complex)
sub atomic particles, atoms, molecules, organelle, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, populations, communities, ecosystem, and biosphere.
What is a Prokaryotic cell?
Cells that are found in two groups of single-celled microorganisms, bacteria and archaea. They also lack a nucleus or other membrane-enclosed organelles.
What is an Eukaryotic cell?
Are all other forms of life. Like plants, animals, humans etc. They also have a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles.
What do Prokaryotic cells and Eukaryotic cells have in common?
They both use DNA as the information storage molecules
What is a chromosome?
A structure found inside of a cell. Which contains one long strand of DNA with hundreds of thousands of genes.
What is a gene?
The units of inheritance
What is a double helix?
A DNA molecule
What are nucleotides?
Chemical building blocks for DNA and RNA
What are the 4 letters of a nucleotide?
A,T,C,G
What does a protein do?
They are large, complex molecules that do most of the work in cells and are required for the structure, function, and regulation of the body’s tissues and organs.
What are the building blocks to make proteins?
Amino Acids
What is a genome?
It is the entire “library” of genetic instructions that an organism inherits
What is a proteome?
The complete set of proteins made by an organism.
What are Producers?
They produce/ make energy (Ex: Plants that make their own food through. sunlight, air, and water)
What are Consumers?
Organisms that depend on producers or other consumers (animals) for food/ energy
What is the most common form of regulation in living organisms?
Negative feedback
What is Negative feedback?
the product of a something leads to a decrease in that something.
What is Feedback regulation?
Controls the amount in which you get back/out of. (more/less/the same amount)
What is positive feedback?
Where the end product speeds up it’s own production
What is Diversity?
A difference between 2 species
What is Unity?
Having shared traits between 2 species
What are the 3 groups of life forms?
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
What type of cells are in the Bacteria and Archaea groups/domains?
Single cells organisms
What 4 sub groups/kingdoms are in the Eukarya domain?
Plantae kingdom, fungi kingdom, animalia kingdom, protists
What is Natural selection?
the process through which populations of living organisms adapt and change.
What is Inductive reasoning?
a form of logical thinking that uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion. (Specific observations lead to General conclusions)
What is Deductive reasoning?
a form of logical thinking that uses a general principle or law to forecast specific results (General theories lead to specific conclusions) Ex: Sherlock Holmes
What is a Hypothesis?
A testable explanation guided by inductive reasoning.
What is a Variable?
A factor that varies in an experiment.
What is an Independent variable?
a variable that stands alone and isn’t changed by the other variables you are trying to measure
What is a Dependent variable?
something that depends on other factors. And is affected by other factors
What is a theory?
a carefully thought-out explanation using the scientific method,
What is a control variable?
the variable that is held constant or is controlled.
On a graph. how do you graph the Independent variables?
On the x-axis
On a graph. how to you graph the Dependent variables?
on the y-axis
What is the Placebo effect?
placebo is anything that seems to be a “real” but isn’t. Making people think they are taking something when they really are taking something different. (Ex: drinking none caffeinated coffee and thinking it is caffeinated but it isn’t)
What is Statistical significance?
confidence that our data is true
What is positive correlation?
Variables that go in the same direction (both increase on the x and y axis) (dots go up in a line)
What is negative correlation?
Variables that go in opposite directions(x axis increases and y axis decreases) (dots go down in a line)
What are the 7 characteristics of life?
- Order, 2. Regulation/homeostasis, 3. Evolutionary adaption, 4. Energy processing, 5. Growth and Development, 6. Response to the environment, 7. Reproduction
How many characteristic does one thing need to be classified “alive”?
ALL 7
What is matter?
Anything that takes up space and has matter
What is mass?
The amount of matter an object contains (protons, neutrons, electrons)
What is a compound?
A substance consisting of two or more different elements
What is an Atom?
The smallest unit of matter that retains property of an element
What are atoms made up of?
Sub atomic particles (protons), (neutrons), (electrons)
What is a proton?
A subatomic particle with a single positive electrical charge, found in the nucleus of an atom
What is a Neutron?
A subatomic particle having no electrical charge (electrically neutral) found in the nucleus of an atom
What is an Electron?
A subatomic particle with a single negative electrical charge, One or more electrons move around the nucleus of an atom.
How much do protons, and neutrons weigh?
1 Dalton
How much does an electron weigh?
It’s irrelevant (1/2000 Dalton)
What is the Dalton measurement?
The measurement for atoms and sub atomic particles
What is an atomic number?
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
How do we define atoms?
By the number of protons in an atom
How many protons and electrons are in a neutral charged atom?
The exact same amount
What is a mass number?
The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
How do you find out the amount of neutrons in an atom?
It’s the Mass # minus the Atomic #
What is an atomic mass?
The amount of matter contained in an atom
What is an isotope?
An atom that has the same amount protons but different amounts of neutrons, which also differs in atomic mass
What does an isotope have a tendency of doing?
Losing sub atomic particles
What is a radioactive isotope?
An isotope that the nucleus decays randomly, giving off energy and particles
What is potential energy?
Stored energy that can be used to do work
What does matter have the natural tendency to do?
Move towards the lowest possible state of potential energy
What is an electron shell?
regions surrounding the atomic nucleus containing a specific number of electrons
What are the names of the 3 electron shells of an atom?
1st, 2nd, 3rd
Which shells electrons have to most potential energy (say from highest to lowest)?
3rd, 2nd, 1st
What happens if an electron absorbs energy?
It moves to a shell farther out from the nucleus
What determines the chemical behavior of an atom?
The amount of electrons distributed to the atoms shells
How many electrons can hang out in the 1st shell?
2
How many electrons can the 2nd shell of an atom hold?
8
What are valence electrons?
Electrons that hangout on the outermost shell
What is the valence shell?
The outermost shell
What happens if a valence shell is unreactive?
It will not react with other atoms
what are the 6 types of energy?
Thermal, chemical, electrical, mechanical, radiant, nuclear
What does tomos mean? And come from?
to cut, Latin
What does Atomos come from? And mean?
Latin, cannot cut
What is a Chemical bond?
An attraction between two atoms, resulting from a sharing of outer-shell electrons or the presence of opposite charges on the atoms. The bonded atoms gain complete outer electron shells.
What is a covalent bond?
A type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons.
What constitutes a molecule?
2 or more atoms held together by a covalent bond
What is a single bond?
A single covalent bond; the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms.
What is a double bond?
A double covalent bond; the sharing of two pairs of valence electrons by two atoms. (single bond times 2)
What is a valence?
The bonding capacity of a given atom; the number of covalent bonds that an atom can form
What is electronegativity?
what attracts the atoms to form a covalent bond
What is a nonpolar covalent bond?
A type of covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally between two atoms of similar electronegativity
What is a polar covalent bond?
when atoms with different electronegativities share electrons in a covalent bond.
Which atom is negative in a polar covalent bond?
The atom with the bigger electronegativity
Which atom is positive in a polar covalent bond?
The atom with the lesser electronegativity
What is an Ion?
an atom or group of atoms that has a positive or negative electric charge of + 1 or -1.
What is a Cation?
A positive charged Ion
What is an Anion?
A negative charged Ion
What is an Ionic bond?
A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions. (when a cation ion and an anion ion attract to each other)
What is the Van Der Waals interactions?
A weak force of attraction between electrically neutral molecules that collide with or pass very close to each other.
What is a Hydrogen bond?
A bond between 2 polar molecules (it’s a weak bond)
What are molecules?
2 or more atoms held by covalent bonds
What are compound molecules?
made up of one or more different elements.
What is the difference between atoms if they are called by a different name?
The number of protons
What is the difference between atoms if they have the same name BUT have a different atomic numbers?
The number of neutrons
What is the difference between atoms that have different charges?
The number of electrons