Exam 2 Flashcards
What are the 7 characteristics of life?
- Order, 2. Regulation/homeostasis, 3. Evolutionary adaption, 4. Energy processing, 5. Growth and Development, 6. Response to the environment, 7. Reproduction
What is the basic unit of life?
A cell
What does a cell need to be characterized as a cell?
ALL 7 characteristics of life
What are the 2 types of cells?
Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic
What does Eu stand for?
True
What does karyo stand for?
“kernel” or nucleus
What does IC stand for?
Pertaining to
What is a true nucleus?
a membrane enclosed nucleus found in eukaryotic cells
What does pro stand for?
before
What is a nucleoid?
A non membraned enclosed nucleus found in prokaryotic cells
What are the common features on eukaryotic & prokaryotic cells? (9)
Plasma membrane, Cytoplasm, Chromosomes, Ribosomes, Composition, Carbs, Proteins, Nucleic acids, lipids
What are the differences between prokaryotic & eukaryotic cells?
Prokaryotic: Smaller size (1-5 micro meters), Simple construction, Absence of membrane-bound organelles
Eukaryotic: Large size (10-100 micro meters)
Complex construction, Membrane bound organelles
What is the sequence in the nucleus in which we get proteins?
DNA is TRANSCRIBED to mRNA then mRNA is TRANSLATED to an amino acid chain and then the amino acid chain FOLDS in proteins
What is the defining organelle of a eukaryotic cell?
The nucleus
What does the nucleus contain?
Contains the genome (the genes) of the eukaryotic cells
What type of membrane surrounds the nucleus in an eukaryotic cell?
A double membrane
What does the double membrane consist of in a nucleus?
Outer & inner membrane, nuclear pores, nuclear lamina, and the rough endoplasmic reticulum
What does cyto stand for?
cell
What does reticulum stand for?
Little net
What does plasm stand for?
cytoplasm
What is the perinuclear space?
The space between the outer and inner membranes of the nucleus
What are the nuclear pores?
where RNA is made and transported outside the nucleus
What is the nuclear lamina? And where is it located?
the inner membrane, and to give support to the nucleus
What is the Rough endoplasmic reticulum?
an extension of the nuclear membrane with different functions
What are the 2 different regions in the endoplasmic reticulum?
Smooth ER & Rough ER
What is the structure of the smooth ER?
Tube like membrane structure
What are the roles of the smooth ER?
Lipid synthesis, Detoxification, calcium storage, glycogen metabolism
What is lipid synthesis?
How hormones and lipids are made
What are some examples of products of lipid synthesis?
Steroid hormones, oils, phospholipids
What is the role of detoxification in the smooth ER?
adds hydroxyl groups to non-polar toxins that are in your body & facilitates removal of non-polar toxins
STUDY THE PICTURES IN THE PICTURE TAB
DO THE PRACTICE QUIZES ON THE LINKS
Why is calcium stored in the smooth ER?
helps with muscle contractions
What is glycogen metabolism?
Glycogen that is stored in the smooth ER and is broken down when energy is needed
What is the rough ER?
An extensive interconnected membrane system, that has ribosomes attached to it, and is the first stop of the endomembrane system
What happens in the rough ER?
production, folding, modifying, and quality control of proteins
What are ribosomes?
Molecular machines that read mRNA and make the encoded protein
What type of proteins is the rough ER responsible for?
secreted proteins
What is the signal sequence?
They are ribosomes/mRNA that have a signal sequence attached to them. The signal sequence attracts the signal receptor protein. Then the signal receptor protein will bind with the signal sequence and move it to a channel in the cytoplasm of the ER. Then it is sent into the ER to get translated into proteins. And the signal protein will be clipped off
What are transport vesicles?
They load up the molecules and move them to their next destination
What is the Golgi apparatus?
Stacked flatten membrane sacs that package and ship out proteins received from the transfer vesicles
What are the 2 faces of the Golgi apparatus?
Cis and trans face
Where is the cis face located on the Golgi apparatus?
The same side of the rough ER
Where is the trans face located on the Golgi apparatus?
The opposite side of the cis face (the end of the Golgi apparatus)
How do the proteins/phospholipids travel through the Golgi apparatus?
From one stage to the other (from one squiggly line thing to the other)
What happens to the proteins inside the Golgi apparatus?
It modifies the proteins and phospholipids so they can be ready to be productive in the cell
What are some of the modifications the Golgi apparatus does?
Glycosylation (adding of sugars), Phosphorylation (adding of phospholipids), adding of fatty acids
What happens when the proteins/phospholipids are done being modified in the Golgi apparatus?
All the same proteins/phospholipids that are going to the same place are put into the same transport vesicle and are shipped off
What does lyso mean?
To cut or break down
What does SOME mean?
Body
What does phag mean?
to eat
What is a lysosome?
A cell that digests food vacuoles
What do lysosomes have inside of them?
Digestive enzymes
What is the process of phagocytosis?
It surrounds the food vacuole and releases the digestive enzymes in the lysosomes and the enzymes break down the food vacuole. While this is happening the Ph level is being lowered so the enzymes can function
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what are the types of vacuoles?
Contractile vacuoles, Central vacuoles
What does the contractile vacuole do?
regulates water pressure in the cell, pump excess water out of the cell
Where are contractile vacuoles found?
In single cell organisms (they are protists)
What does the central vacuole do?
stores ions K (potassium) and CI (chlorine), and absorbs water in the plant
Where are central vacuoles found?
In plants
What kind of membrane does a Mitochondria have?
A double membrane
What cell is the matrix a part of?
The mitochondria
What cell is the viscous a part of?
The mitochondria
What is the matrix in the mitochondria?
The liquid part of the inner membrane
What does the cristae contain in the mitochondria?
It contains the mitochondrial genome and metabolic enzymes
What is exocytosis?
fusion of transport vesicles with the plasma membrane. Where the organelles inside move out of the vesicle and the ones attached are fused to the membrane.
What is the main role of a mitochondria?
To breakdown fuel to make ATP
Where are chloroplasts found in?
Algae & plants
What are the 3 membranes of the chloroplast?
Outer, inner, & Thylakoid
What liquid surrounds the thylakoid membrane?
Stroma (luminal fluid)
What are the stacks of the thylakoid membrane called?
Granum
What does chloro mean?
Color
What are plastids?
A shared genealogy family of organelles that end in the word plast. They have divergent activities
What are the organelles in the plastids family?
Chloroplasts, chromoplasts, amyloplasts, elaioplasts, proteinsoplasts
What are the functions of chloroplasts?
Photosynthesis, ATP synthesis, sugar synthesis