Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 7 characteristics of life?
A
- Order, 2. Regulation/homeostasis, 3. Evolutionary adaption, 4. Energy processing, 5. Growth and Development, 6. Response to the environment, 7. Reproduction
2
Q
What is the basic unit of life?
A
A cell
3
Q
What does a cell need to be characterized as a cell?
A
ALL 7 characteristics of life
4
Q
What are the 2 types of cells?
A
Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic
5
Q
What does Eu stand for?
A
True
6
Q
What does karyo stand for?
A
“kernel” or nucleus
7
Q
What does IC stand for?
A
Pertaining to
8
Q
What is a true nucleus?
A
a membrane enclosed nucleus found in eukaryotic cells
9
Q
What does pro stand for?
A
before
10
Q
What is a nucleoid?
A
A non membraned enclosed nucleus found in prokaryotic cells
11
Q
What are the common features on eukaryotic & prokaryotic cells? (9)
A
Plasma membrane, Cytoplasm, Chromosomes, Ribosomes, Composition, Carbs, Proteins, Nucleic acids, lipids
12
Q
What are the differences between prokaryotic & eukaryotic cells?
A
Prokaryotic: Smaller size (1-5 micro meters), Simple construction, Absence of membrane-bound organelles
Eukaryotic: Large size (10-100 micro meters)
Complex construction, Membrane bound organelles
13
Q
What is the sequence in the nucleus in which we get proteins?
A
DNA is TRANSCRIBED to mRNA then mRNA is TRANSLATED to an amino acid chain and then the amino acid chain FOLDS in proteins
14
Q
What is the defining organelle of a eukaryotic cell?
A
The nucleus
15
Q
What does the nucleus contain?
A
Contains the genome (the genes) of the eukaryotic cells
16
Q
What type of membrane surrounds the nucleus in an eukaryotic cell?
A
A double membrane
17
Q
What does the double membrane consist of in a nucleus?
A
Outer & inner membrane, nuclear pores, nuclear lamina, and the rough endoplasmic reticulum
18
Q
What does cyto stand for?
A
cell
19
Q
What does reticulum stand for?
A
Little net
20
Q
What does plasm stand for?
A
cytoplasm
21
Q
What is the perinuclear space?
A
The space between the outer and inner membranes of the nucleus
22
Q
What are the nuclear pores?
A
where RNA is made and transported outside the nucleus
23
Q
What is the nuclear lamina? And where is it located?
A
the inner membrane, and to give support to the nucleus
24
Q
What is the Rough endoplasmic reticulum?
A
an extension of the nuclear membrane with different functions
25
What are the 2 different regions in the endoplasmic reticulum?
Smooth ER & Rough ER
26
What is the structure of the smooth ER?
Tube like membrane structure
27
What are the roles of the smooth ER?
Lipid synthesis, Detoxification, calcium storage, glycogen metabolism
28
What is lipid synthesis?
How hormones and lipids are made
29
What are some examples of products of lipid synthesis?
Steroid hormones, oils, phospholipids
30
What is the role of detoxification in the smooth ER?
adds hydroxyl groups to non-polar toxins that are in your body & facilitates removal of non-polar toxins
31
STUDY THE PICTURES IN THE PICTURE TAB
DO THE PRACTICE QUIZES ON THE LINKS
32
Why is calcium stored in the smooth ER?
helps with muscle contractions
33
What is glycogen metabolism?
Glycogen that is stored in the smooth ER and is broken down when energy is needed
34
What is the rough ER?
An extensive interconnected membrane system, that has ribosomes attached to it, and is the first stop of the endomembrane system
35
What happens in the rough ER?
production, folding, modifying, and quality control of proteins
36
What are ribosomes?
Molecular machines that read mRNA and make the encoded protein
37
What type of proteins is the rough ER responsible for?
secreted proteins
38
What is the signal sequence?
They are ribosomes/mRNA that have a signal sequence attached to them. The signal sequence attracts the signal receptor protein. Then the signal receptor protein will bind with the signal sequence and move it to a channel in the cytoplasm of the ER. Then it is sent into the ER to get translated into proteins. And the signal protein will be clipped off
39
What are transport vesicles?
They load up the molecules and move them to their next destination
40
What is the Golgi apparatus?
Stacked flatten membrane sacs that package and ship out proteins received from the transfer vesicles
41
What are the 2 faces of the Golgi apparatus?
Cis and trans face
42
Where is the cis face located on the Golgi apparatus?
The same side of the rough ER
43
Where is the trans face located on the Golgi apparatus?
The opposite side of the cis face (the end of the Golgi apparatus)
44
How do the proteins/phospholipids travel through the Golgi apparatus?
From one stage to the other (from one squiggly line thing to the other)
45
What happens to the proteins inside the Golgi apparatus?
It modifies the proteins and phospholipids so they can be ready to be productive in the cell
46
What are some of the modifications the Golgi apparatus does?
Glycosylation (adding of sugars), Phosphorylation (adding of phospholipids), adding of fatty acids
47
What happens when the proteins/phospholipids are done being modified in the Golgi apparatus?
All the same proteins/phospholipids that are going to the same place are put into the same transport vesicle and are shipped off
48
What does lyso mean?
To cut or break down
49
What does SOME mean?
Body
50
What does phag mean?
to eat
51
What is a lysosome?
A cell that digests food vacuoles
52
What do lysosomes have inside of them?
Digestive enzymes
53
What is the process of phagocytosis?
It surrounds the food vacuole and releases the digestive enzymes in the lysosomes and the enzymes break down the food vacuole. While this is happening the Ph level is being lowered so the enzymes can function
54
free card
free card
55
what are the types of vacuoles?
Contractile vacuoles, Central vacuoles
56
What does the contractile vacuole do?
regulates water pressure in the cell, pump excess water out of the cell
57
Where are contractile vacuoles found?
In single cell organisms (they are protists)
58
What does the central vacuole do?
stores ions K (potassium) and CI (chlorine), and absorbs water in the plant
59
Where are central vacuoles found?
In plants
60
What kind of membrane does a Mitochondria have?
A double membrane
61
What cell is the matrix a part of?
The mitochondria
62
What cell is the viscous a part of?
The mitochondria
63
What is the matrix in the mitochondria?
The liquid part of the inner membrane
64
What does the cristae contain in the mitochondria?
It contains the mitochondrial genome and metabolic enzymes
65
What is exocytosis?
fusion of transport vesicles with the plasma membrane. Where the organelles inside move out of the vesicle and the ones attached are fused to the membrane.
66
What is the main role of a mitochondria?
To breakdown fuel to make ATP
67
Where are chloroplasts found in?
Algae & plants
68
What are the 3 membranes of the chloroplast?
Outer, inner, & Thylakoid
69
What liquid surrounds the thylakoid membrane?
Stroma (luminal fluid)
70
What are the stacks of the thylakoid membrane called?
Granum
71
What does chloro mean?
Color
72
What are plastids?
A shared genealogy family of organelles that end in the word plast. They have divergent activities
73
What are the organelles in the plastids family?
Chloroplasts, chromoplasts, amyloplasts, elaioplasts, proteinsoplasts
74
What are the functions of chloroplasts?
Photosynthesis, ATP synthesis, sugar synthesis
75
What are the functions of chromoplasts?
pigment storage in flowers
76
What are the functions of amyloplasts?
Starch storage
77
What are the functions of Elaioplasts?
Storage of fatty acids & terpenes
78
What are the functions of proteinsoplasts?
Protein synthesis and storage
79
What functions do peroxisomes perform?
Oxidation reactions, detoxification of alcohol and other poisons, breaks down fatty acids for energy, uses catalase to dispose of hydrogen peroxide, Produces hydrogen peroxide as a by-product
80
What are oxidation reactions?
Taking away of electrons and removing hydrogen atoms from various substates
81
What are cytoskeletons?
Protein structures that give mechanical support and maintain shape in the cell
82
What are the 3 structures and motors called in a cytoskeleton?
Microtubules, Microfilaments, Intermediate filaments, Molecular motors
83
What are microtubules made out of?
alpha and beta Tubulin
84
What is tubulin made out of?
Alpha tubulin & beta tubulin
85
What are the roles of microtubules?
Hold organelles in proper position, chromosomal separation during cell division (make sure each cell gets a chromosome) , cell movement (move the flagella and cilia)
86
What are the functions of molecular motors?
Uses ATP to move along microtubule highways, moves vesicles to their destinations, power eukaryotic flagella and cilia
87
What are microfilaments made out of?
actin and thin filaments
88
What are the roles of microfilaments.
Maintain the cell shape, cell movement (amoeboid motion), muscle contraction,
89
What is amoeboid motion?
A crawling-like type of movement that microfilaments use
90
STUDY THE PICTURES IN THE PICTURE TAB IN THE NOTES
DO THE PRACTICE QUIZZES
91
What energy does molecular motors use to do their functions?
They use ATP
92
What are intermediate filaments?
structural support of proteins
93
What are some of the various proteins that intermediate filaments are made of?
Keratin, and Lamins
94
What is the function of keratin?
cell to cell adhesion
95
what is the shape of intermediate filaments?
shape of an alpha helix
96
What are membranes made out of?
Phospholipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and cholesterol
97
what are glycoproteins?
when a carbohydrate is attached to a embedded protein in a cell membrane
98
What are glycolipids
when a carbohydrate is attached to a embedded phospholipid in a cell membrane
99
What do phospholipids form?
they form a lipid bilayer, and are amphipathic
100
what does being amphipathic mean in a cell?
a cell that has polar and non-polar parts to it
101
What parts of a phospholipid are polar and non-polar?
They have polar heads, and the tails are non-polar
102
What are membrane proteins?
Proteins that are embedded into the membrane that are amphipathic and have different functions
103
What is the back bone of an ammino acid?
N-C-C
104
What part of the amino acid forms the alpha helix?
The back bone of the amino acid (N-C-C)
105
What is extracellular? And is it polar or non-polar?
It is the water outside of the cell/outside of the membrane and it is polar
106
What is intracellular? And is it polar or non-polar?
It is the water that is inside of the cell/inside of the membrane and it is polar
107
What is the alpha helix? And is it polar or non-polar?
It is the back bone of an amino acid (N-C-C) and it is non-polar
108
What are the types of membrane proteins?
Integral membrane proteins, peripheral membrane proteins, lipid anchored proteins
109
What is a double-pass in the integral membrane protein?
(forms channels to allow substrates to come through the protein)
110
Where is a monotopic in the integral membrane protein?
it is only located on one side of the membrane
111
What are Peripheral membrane proteins?
They associate with other membrane proteins and attach to them rather than the membrane itself
112
What are Lipid-anchored membrane proteins?
They are membrane proteins in which the lipids anchor them to the outside of the membrane
113
What are the functions of these membrane proteins? (integral, peripheral, lipid-anchored, multi-pass, single-pass, monotopic)
enzymatic activity, transport, signal transduction, cell to cell recognition, intercellular joining, attachment
114
What is the function enzymatic activity in membrane proteins?
To transform a molecule into another form
115
What is the function of transport in membrane proteins?
Transporting a molecules from the outside of the membrane into the inside of the membrane and vise versa
116
What is the function signal transduction in membrane proteins?
A message is received from outside of the membrane and then it is told to the cells inside of the membrane to do that certain thing (like a telephone)
117
What is the function cell to cell recognition in membrane proteins?
when two molecules restricted to the plasma membranes of different cells bind to each other. triggering a response for communication, cooperation, transport, defense, and/or growth.
118
What is the function intercellular joining in membrane proteins?
The binding together of 2 cells
119
What is a selectively permeable membrane?
allows selective substrates to cross the membrane more easily than others, and it regulates cell entry and exit of the membrane
120
What usually enters the membrane?
Nutrients ( carbs, proteins, amino acids, sugars), and oxygen
121
What usually leaves or exits the membrane?
Metabolic waste and CO2
122
How do non-polar molecules cross the membrane?
They dissolve in the lipid bilayer and pass directly though the membrane, and DO NOT need help from proteins to cross the membrane
123
How do polar molecules cross the membrane?
The passage of the membrane is impeded by the hydrophobic bilayer. So ONLY small weak pilar molecules can cross the membrane with no help from proteins. BUT usually need help from proteins to cross the membrane
124
How much does a molecule have to weigh in order to cross the membrane with no help?
Has to be under 180 Daltons
125
Can Ions pass through the membrane with no help?
No it can't, because the size of an Ion is too big, water is strongly attached to ions, and a shell of water molecules forms around each ion
126
What is simple diffusion?
Random movement of particles from an are of high concentration to a area of low concentration through the membrane, powered by thermal energy
127
What types of molecules use simple diffusion?
Small, non-polar or weak polar, and non-ionic molecules
128
What is facilitated diffusion?
Diffusion helped by a transport protein, powered thermal energy
129
What types of molecules use facilitated diffusion?
Large sized molecules, and strong polar ions
130
When simple and facilitated diffusion is happening, what are they trying to accomplish?
equilibrium (equal concentration on both sides) (equal amount of molecules on each side)
131
What is active transport?
Uses carrier proteins to change the shape in the protein, and is moves the molecules/solutes against the gradient (moves them from low concentration to high concentration), and requires an input of ATP energy
132
What kind of energy is used in active transport?
ATP
133
What does diffusion always do?
it ALWAYS moves molecules from high concentration to low concentration
134
Why is glycogen so highly branched?
To make it easier to digest for a rapid release of energy
135
What is osmosis?
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
136
How does osmosis work?
The water molecules move to the side that has the higher solute concentration
137
What does isotonic mean?
That the solute concentration is the same on the inside and outside of a cell
138
What does hypotonic mean?
That the solute concentration is higher on the inside of the cell and lower on the outside of a cell
139
What does hypertonic mean?
That the solute concentration is lower on the inside of the cell and higher on the outside of a cell
140
What happens to an isotonic cell during osmosis?
It stays the same
141
What happens to a hypotonic cell during osmosis?
Water rushes into the cell and makes it burst
142
What happens to a hypertonic cell during osmosis?
Water will rush out of the cell and it will shrink
143
What effects the cell membrane from being at hemeoviscosity?
Temperature
144
What happens to the cell membrane when it is cold?
Molecular motion slows down, and the membrane begins to solidify
145
What happens to the cell membrane when it is hot?
Molecular motion speeds up, and the membrane becomes leaky
146
What is homeoviscosity?
The membrane is at the perfect flexibility to function properly
147
What are the 2 ways to maintain homeoviscosity?
Add cholesterol, adjust the saturation levels
148
What happens in cold and hot temperatures in the membrane when you add cholesterol?
COLD: disrupts tight packaging (expands it a lil)
HOT: restrains phospholipid movement (keeps the membrane tighter)
149
What happens in cold and hot temperatures in the membrane when you adjust the saturation levels?
COLD: It decreases saturation levels (makes it more fluid)
HOT: it increases saturation levels (makes membrane more solid)
150
What is metabolism?
The total of all an organisms' chemical reactions
151
What are the 2 parts of metabolism?
Catabolism, Anabolism
152
What is the function of catabolism?
Breaking down of complex molecules
153
What is the function of anabolism?
Building up complex molecules, it requires energy
154
What are some examples of catabolism?
Breaking down proteins to amino acids, breaking down sugars for energy
155
What are some examples of anabolism?
Using amino acids to build proteins, using nucleotides to make DNA
156
What is ATP?
Stored energy in the cell, it is renewable (can be used over and over again), requires and input of energy to make ATP (needs ADP)
157
An experiment is set up with 0.1mM sugar on the left of the selectively permeable membrane and 0.5mM sugar on the right. What will happen as the system comes to an equilibrium?
The water will move to the right and will rise
158
What is energy?
The ability to do work
159
What are the types of cellular work?
Chemical, transport, mechanical
160
What is mechanical work?
Mechanical movements in the cell
161
What are some examples of mechanical work?
Contraction of muscles
162
What is transport work?
moving molecules across a membrane
163
What is chemical work?
Breaking and forming chemical bonds
164
What are the types of energy
Thermal, radiant, positional, chemical
165
What is thermal energy?
Anything to do with heat
166
What is radiant energy?
Light, gamma rays, x rays, ultraviolet rays, infrared rays etc.
167
What is positional energy?
Energy due to an objects relative position (higher the positioning of an object the more energy it has)
168
What is chemical energy?
Energy available in molecules that can be released in a chemical reaction
169
What are the laws of energy transformation?
1. Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can be transformed from one form to another
2. In every reaction, the universe always becomes more disordered
170
What is equilibrium?
A state of physical balance
171
What are spontaneous reactions?
They have no input of energy, are exergonic reactions, will ALWAYS lose energy in the making of a product
172
What is an exergonic reaction?
Energy is lost during the reaction, has more free energy, is less stable, and has a greater capacity to do work
173
What are non-spontaneous reactions?
Requires an input of energy to get the product, they are endergonic reactions
174
What are endogenic reactions?
Need energy to get a product, are more stable, and have a lower capacity to do work
175
How is equilibrium achieved?
It is achieved in a closed system environment
176
What is a closed system environment?
Where no energy or matter exchange with their surroundings
177
What is an open system?
They exchange energy and matter with their surroundings
178
What kind of system are cells apart of and why?
Open system, because they must have a steady supply of nutrients, must have the ability to expel waste products, must have the ability to store and transfer energy
179
What are the functional groups and their symbols?
Hydroxyl (-OH), Methyl (CH3), Carbonyl (C=O), Carboxyl (R-COOH), Amino(N-H-H), Sulfhydryl (SH), Phosphate(-PO4)
180
Draw the functional groups
Draw on paper
181
What is the function for the hydroxyl group?
polar
182
What is the function for the Methyl group?
Non-polar
183
What is the function for the carbonyl group?
polar
184
What is the function for the carboxyl group?
Acid
185
What is the function for the amino group?
base
186
What is the function for the phosphate group?
acid
187
What is the function for the Sulfhydryl group?
Non-polar
