Biology FINAL Flashcards
What are the organelles in the plastids family?
Chloroplasts, chromoplasts, amyloplasts, elaioplasts, proteinsoplasts
What do genes code for?
ALWAYS for RNA and sometimes for proteins
How many hydrogen bonds form when C forms to G?
3
How does DNA replication work?
At the beginning the DNA forms replication forks and replication bubbles. Inside the bubbles they form the semi conserved strands. (the DNA strands that are replicating the DNA). And it ALWAYS replicates from 5 prime to 3 prime (the top strand on the inside goes to the right and the bottom goes to the left).
What happens to the cell membrane when it is cold?
Molecular motion slows down, and the membrane begins to solidify
What is the structure of the smooth ER?
Tube like membrane structure
On a graph. how to you graph the Dependent variables?
on the y-axis
What is the photosystem and what does it do?
Basically it depends on light. Light hits photosystem 2 which excite the electrons and moves them through the electron transport chain to photosystem 1. As it is going through the electron transport chain hydrogens go through the membrane and chill there. Then when the electrons are in photosystem 1 they wait for light to hit photosystem 1 then they go through the electron transport chain and are picked up by nadp + which turns into nadph and are taken to the Calvin cycle.
What is saturated carbon?
Where carbons are covered/surrounded all the way around by another molecule/element (look at 01/25/23 notes for a picture)
What effects the cell membrane from being at hemeoviscosity?
Temperature
What is the primary structure in a protein?
the sequence of amino acids linked together to form a polypeptide chain.
What 4 sub groups/kingdoms are in the Eukarya domain?
Plantae kingdom, fungi kingdom, animalia kingdom, protists
What happens when inactivation occurs in the embryotic cells? And what are the names of the X chromosomes?
Active Maternal X
Active Paternal X
Half express one allele and the other half express another (one is active for a specific trait and one is not and vice versa)
What is mass?
The amount of matter an object contains (protons, neutrons, electrons)
What is reduction?
the gaining of electrons
What are some examples of chemoautotrophs?
Organisms in the deep blue sea
What is a CIs isomer in a geometric isomer?
Atoms that are on the same side (look at 01/25/23 for pic)
How do you number the molecules in a nucleic acid? And what elements should we only count?
Start with the far right molecule and the top right element. Start your counting with 1 then go around clockwise (right to left) of that molecule until every point is numbered. Then go to the next molecule to the left and do the exact same thing. (only count carbons and hydrogens or the points)
Where are new bases added in a nucleic acid?
always are added to the #3 prime
What part of the amino acid forms the alpha helix?
The back bone of the amino acid (N-C-C)
What is unsaturated carbon?
Where the carbon isn’t completely covered or surrounded. (there are gaps) (see notes 01/25/23 for a picture)
What was the study that Nettie Stevens conducted?
Studied meal worms. And found out that there were 2 chromosomes that varied by gender. Male = XY & Female = XX.
What is a valence of an atom?
The number covalent bonds it can form
What does glycolysis start off with?
glucose
What is a monomer?
building block of a polymer
Where are chloroplasts found in?
Algae & plants
What happens when the proteins/phospholipids are done being modified in the Golgi apparatus?
All the same proteins/phospholipids that are going to the same place are put into the same transport vesicle and are shipped off
How does cell division happen in bacteria?
Chromosome replication begins at the origin of replication
Then they go around in a circle
Origins of each new chromosome anchor to the cell membrane at opposite sides
Cell growth pulls chromosomes to opposite sides
Cell divides
What is the haplo-diploid system?
Sex is determined by ploidy (number of chromosomes an organism has)
Males: haploid (unfertilized eggs)
Females: diploid (fertilized eggs)
What is the initiation in DNA transcription in & Eukaryotic cells?
The RNA polymerase cannot recognize the start point so it needs the transcription factors to lasso it into the start point then it turns it on by adding a phosphate then finally RNA polymerase can start the copying of the template strand
STUDY THE PICTURES IN THE PICTURE TAB
DO THE PRACTICE QUIZES ON THE LINKS
What is denaturation?
In proteins, a process in which a protein loses its native shape due to the disruption of weak chemical bonds and interactions
What are the reduced forms in each scenario?
Fe=+2 VS Fe +
NH3 VS N2
CH4 vs CO2
Fe+, NH3, CH4
What type of reactions are NAD used for?
Catabolic reactions (cellular respiration)
What is the corepressor in the lac operon?
Lactose
What molecule does DNA polymerase add to the growing strand in DNA replication?
Deoxyribose
What are the functions of chloroplasts?
Photosynthesis, ATP synthesis, sugar synthesis
How many carbons, hydrogens, and oxygens does tetrose have?
C = 4, H= 8, O = 4
What does the electron transport chain start with to start the process?
NADH, FADH2
When simple and facilitated diffusion is happening, what are they trying to accomplish?
equilibrium (equal concentration on both sides) (equal amount of molecules on each side)
What are the names of the 3 electron shells of an atom?
1st, 2nd, 3rd
What is RNA splicing?
Where two mRNAs are made.
What do lipids consist of?
Consist of non-polar hydrocarbons
Why is glycogen so highly branched?
To make it easier to digest for a rapid release of energy
What happens to a hypotonic cell during osmosis?
Water rushes into the cell and makes it burst
What is osmosis?
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
What are the roles of steroid hormones?
Growth
Development
Energy metabolism
Homeostasis
reproduction
What is a D isomer in a Enantiomer?
The right mirror image of an Enantiomer (look at 01/25/23 for pic)
What is the template strand?
Is the bottom strand of DNA and is the strand that RNA polymerase reads
What are the products of glycolysis?
pyruvates (2), ATP (4), NADH (2)
What are proteins?
Straight line of amino acids chains formed by peptide linkage
What conditions cause the lac operon to be repressed?
When there is no lactose present
Why is anaerobic respiration less effective than cellular respiration?
because they end up producing less protons and fewer ATP is produced
What are the outputs of the electron transport chain?
NAD+
FAD
H2O
Proton gradient
3-4 H+ (hydrogen ions
ATP
What does the central vacuole do?
stores ions K (potassium) and CI (chlorine), and absorbs water in the plant
What are the 2 different regions in the endoplasmic reticulum?
Smooth ER & Rough ER
What happens in meiosis 2 stage?
sister chromatids separate into 4 different cells, It goes through the same steps as mitosis and meiosis stage 1 ((prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis)
What linkage holds two storage polysaccharides together?
glycosidic linkage
What are the 3 major check points in the cell cycle?
G1, G2, M
What is cooperation in an enzyme?
It is where a substrate binds to one of the active sites in an enzyme and puts all the other active sites in their active form. (basically make all of the other active sites the same)
What do you do to differentiate the numbering of one nucleic acid molecule from the other?
You use prime numbering
What are the 3 differences between reduction and oxidation?
Look for a change in the charge
Look for a change in the number of hydrogens
Look for a change in the number of oxygens
What is the XO: turners syndrome? And some characteristics?
The lack of the Y chromosome
Female characteristics
Short in height
How does osmosis work?
The water molecules move to the side that has the higher solute concentration
What is the Placebo effect?
placebo is anything that seems to be a “real” but isn’t. Making people think they are taking something when they really are taking something different. (Ex: drinking none caffeinated coffee and thinking it is caffeinated but it isn’t)
What type of cells are in the Bacteria and Archaea groups/domains?
Single cells organisms
What are the two ways that energy can be transferred?
- they jump down to the end and bind to the oxygen and explode
- they move step by step and release little bit of energy at a time (cellular respiration)
How can we see the color green?
Because the molecules absorb all of the other colors in ROYGBIV and reflect the color green so we can see that color
What is the function cell to cell recognition in membrane proteins?
when two molecules restricted to the plasma membranes of different cells bind to each other. triggering a response for communication, cooperation, transport, defense, and/or growth.
What are lipids?
Large molecules that ARE NOT macromolecules and are hydrophobic
How many electrons can be on the outermost valence shell?
8
How many carbons, hydrogens, and oxygens does hexose have?
C = 6, H= 12, O = 6
What is a L isomer in a Enantiomer?
The left mirror image of an Enantiomer (look at 01/25/23 for pic)
What are silent mutations?
Change in a nucleotide that does not change the amino acid (doesn’t have an effect on the end product of the protein)
What determines how much energy is in a specific type of light?
The wavelengths in the light
How do antioxidants help us prevent cancer?
They donate extra electrons to stabilize free radicals
What are the roles of the smooth ER?
Lipid synthesis, Detoxification, calcium storage, glycogen metabolism
What is a theory?
a carefully thought-out explanation using the scientific method,
What type of light is the main contributor in photosynthesis?
Visible light
What is Evolution?
a process of biological change in which species accumulate differences from their ancestors as they adapt to different environments over time.
What is transport work?
moving molecules across a membrane
What groups tighten chromatin and what groups loosen them?
Acetylation group = loosens chromatin
Phosphorylation group = loosens chromatin
Methylation group = condenses chromatin
How do you measure wavelengths?
From peak to peak or from troph to troph. (top to top or bottom to bottom)
What is activation energy in enzyme activity?
The amount of energy needed to overcome the energy barrier that leads to the next lower stable state
What is positive correlation?
Variables that go in the same direction (both increase on the x and y axis) (dots go up in a line)
What are operons in transcription regulation?
2 or more genes whose products function in a common pathway that are controlled by a single promoter and operator
What is the function of a competitive inhibitor?
They fight the substrate to the active site and turn off the enzyme
What type of chromosomes do females and males pass down to their offspring?
Females only the X chromosome
Males the X and Y chromosome
What is tubulin made out of?
Alpha tubulin & beta tubulin
On a graph. how do you graph the Independent variables?
On the x-axis
Explain the negative gene regulation in the trp operon
It’s the normal way like you just explained bc you’re so smart haha
What is hydrolysis?
ATP that is released in water
What is the function of an allosteric reaction?
They bind to the regulatory site of an enzyme and they turn on the enzyme and help with its function that it needs to perform
What is the Van Der Waals interactions?
A weak force of attraction between electrically neutral molecules that collide with or pass very close to each other.
What is the role of structural polysaccharides?
To form structures that protect the cell or organism (usually in a straight line)
What are the 3 alleles in humans (blood types)?
Ia (for blood type A)
Ib (for blood type B)
I (for blood type O)
What are photoheterotrophs?
Organisms that get their energy from light and their inorganic carbon from eating other things
What is an Atom?
The smallest unit of matter that retains property of an element
What is the S phase? And what happens to the cells in that are in this phase?
DNA replication happens
Typical time 10-12 hours
What are nucleic acids mad of?
nucleotides.
What is the metaphase in mitosis?
Chromosomes align in the center
Sister chromatids attached to the microtubules on opposite sides/poles
what are the 6 types of energy?
Thermal, chemical, electrical, mechanical, radiant, nuclear
What are free radicals?
They are unpaired electrons in the outer shell that are highly reactive and cause damages to lipids, proteins, DNA etc.
What are membrane proteins?
Proteins that are embedded into the membrane that are amphipathic and have different functions
What are sister chromatids?
opposite chromosomes and attract to each other
How many protons and electrons are in a neutral charged atom?
The exact same amount
What is longevity of proteins in protein processing?
adding of ubiquitin to a protein and destroys it
How can chemiosmosis function? (what energy is used to do chemiosmosis?)
potential energy is used to do the work
What provides the activation energy that is needed to overcome the energy barrier?
Enzymes
What is a fatty acid?
A carboxylic acid with a long carbon chain ( the building blocks of the fat in our bodies and in the food we eat.)
What are some examples of mechanical work?
Contraction of muscles
When will the cell de-repress the lac operon?
When lactose is present
What does the double membrane consist of in a nucleus?
Outer & inner membrane, nuclear pores, nuclear lamina, and the rough endoplasmic reticulum
What is a nucleoid?
A non membraned enclosed nucleus found in prokaryotic cells
What do phospholipids form?
they form a lipid bilayer, and are amphipathic
What are point mutations?
A single nucleotide base changes in DNA sequence but does not ruin the rest of the bases in the line
What is the function of non-coding RNAs?
Bind to the mRNA
They block translation
Degradation (destroys) of target DNA
What are chitins?
A straight line structural polysaccharide that has an extra extension.
What is the initiation of translation?
Where ribosomes bind to the start codon on mRNA and does it’s translation process
What is a Dependent variable?
something that depends on other factors. And is affected by other factors
What are endogenic reactions?
Need energy to get a product, are more stable, and have a lower capacity to do work
What is a gene?
The units of inheritance
What is a radioactive isotope?
An isotope that the nucleus decays randomly, giving off energy and particles
What is the function for the hydroxyl group?
It is polar
What are microtubules made out of?
alpha and beta Tubulin
What are the 3 types of lipids?
Triacylglycerol (fat), Phospholipids, Steroid hormones
What does the nucleus contain?
Contains the genome (the genes) of the eukaryotic cells
What is the promotor in DNA transcription in bacterial & eukaryotic cells?
It marks the beginning of a gene so RNA polymerase can come and start the process
What was the study that Erwin Chargaff conducted?
He studied the bases of DNA. And that A=T & G=C. and that DNA is not uniform and different living organisms can have different amounts of bases in their DNA. (example humans have less of the DNA base A than a sea urchin).
What is a geometric isomer?
Same atoms but are arranged differently in a double bond (look at 01/25/23 for pic)
What do lysosomes have inside of them?
Digestive enzymes
What is the active site?
The place where substrates bind to the enzyme
What is the function of transport in membrane proteins?
Transporting a molecules from the outside of the membrane into the inside of the membrane and vise versa
What is aneuploidy?
Abnormal number of chromosomes
What are enzyme cofactors?
Any non-protein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of the enzyme
What are Lipid-anchored membrane proteins?
They are membrane proteins in which the lipids anchor them to the outside of the membrane
What groups are amino acids made of?
they are made of a carboxyl group and an amino group.
What is the G2 stage? And what happens to the cells that are in this stage?
Cell growth
Makes all materials needed for cell division (phospholipids, microtubules, proteins, enzymes
Typical time 4-6 hours
What are purines?
a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring
What is the state of the trp operon when the corepressor binds to the repressor?
Inactive
What is the Rough endoplasmic reticulum?
an extension of the nuclear membrane with different functions
Why do we have differential genes?
Allows cells to respond to changes in the environment
Allows cells to differentiate
What does Eu stand for?
True
How does substrate concentration affect enzyme activity?
Increasing substrate increases enzyme activity to a certain point until all the enzymes are bound to a substrate.
Decreasing substrate decreases enzyme activity
What do the points mean in a ring form (that aren’t marked with other elements)?
they are carbons or another element of the molecule
What are the roles of microtubules?
Hold organelles in proper position, chromosomal separation during cell division (make sure each cell gets a chromosome) , cell movement (move the flagella and cilia)
What is feedback inhibition in an enzyme?
It is where the product of the enzyme acts as an inhibitor and goes back into the same enzyme and helps to control it (either turns it on or turns it off)
What are intermediate filaments?
structural support of proteins
free card
free card
What is the default state of the trp repressor?
Inactive
How much does an electron weigh?
It’s irrelevant (1/2000 Dalton)
What kind of wavelengths have more energy?
The shorter or more compact the wavelength is the more energy it has
What does isotonic mean?
That the solute concentration is the same on the inside and outside of a cell
How do enzymes work?
Enzymes work by lowering the activation energy required
Enzymes speed up the reaction by lowering the activation energy
What is the difference between atoms that have different charges?
The number of electrons
What is the function for the hydroxyl group?
polar
What are carcinogens?
Form free radicals and cause cancer
What are some examples of photoautotrophs?
Plants, algae
What are the 2 types of cells?
Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic
What is RNA?
A single strand able to base pair within itself and can form unique shapes
Draw the hydroxyl group
DRAW ON PAPER
What does pro stand for?
before
How many OH does deoxyribose & ribose have?
deoxyribose- 1, ribose- 2
What is the enzyme called in chemiosmosis?
ATP synthase
What is metabolism?
The total of all an organisms’ chemical reactions
What do enzymes bind to?
To substrates
What was the study that scientists in the 1940s conducted?
They found out that chromosomes are made of both DNA and proteins. And that DNA consists of 4 bases and that proteins had 22 amino acids. And said DNA was too basic to make a code of a living organism.
What does hypotonic mean?
That the solute concentration is higher on the inside of the cell and lower on the outside of a cell
What are the 5 themes of biology?
- Evolution, 2. Organization, 3. Information, 4. Interactions, 5. Energy matter
What was the study that George Beadle and Edward Tatum perform?
They exposed bread mold to X- rays. And each enzyme lacked a different enzyme. It supported the one gene = one enzyme hypothesis.
What is negative correlation?
Variables that go in opposite directions(x axis increases and y axis decreases) (dots go down in a line)
What is the state of the lac operon when the corepressor binds to the repressor?
Active
What does the N, 2n, and 4n symbols mean?
N is the symbol for haploid, 2n is the symbol of diploid, 4n is the symbol of tetraploid
What do plants use pigments for?
To absorb light
What is fermentation and it’s steps?
A different way of getting energy, the do glycolysis but do not have an electron transport chain. So to get NAD+ back to NADH they dump/give their electrons to the pyruvate molecules.
What links proteins together?
Peptide linkage
What does IC stand for?
Pertaining to
How many carbons, hydrogens, and oxygens does heptose have?
C = 7, H= 14, O = 7
What is the function for the phosphate group?
Acid
What introns?
They are a sequence in RNA that are cut out. They are non coding regions, and have potential to be codons.
What is catalysis?
Converting the substrate to the product in the enzyme
Explain the positive gene regulation in lac operon.
When the glucose levels are low in the lac operon, cAMP binds to the inactive CRP then activates the CRP and the lac operon will be turned on
What is a single bond?
A single covalent bond; the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms.
What are amylopectin?
Branched polymers (branches every 20-30 units), (80% of plant starch), soluble in water, easily digested
What is equilibrium?
A state of physical balance
What is the function for the carboxyl group?
It is acid
How much ATP is gained in fermentation?
2 ATP
What is the function signal transduction in membrane proteins?
A message is received from outside of the membrane and then it is told to the cells inside of the membrane to do that certain thing (like a telephone)
What is cellulose?
A structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls
What does the G stand for in the cell cycle?
Gap
What is glycogen metabolism?
Glycogen that is stored in the smooth ER and is broken down when energy is needed
How many carbons, hydrogens, and oxygens does pentose have?
C = 5, H= 10, O = 5
What does Atomos come from? And mean?
Latin, cannot cut
Draw the functional groups
Draw on paper
How much does a molecule have to weigh in order to cross the membrane with no help?
Has to be under 180 Daltons
What are the 2 faces of the Golgi apparatus?
Cis and trans face
What are the different Isomers?
Structural Isomers, Geometric Isomers (those have cis isomers, & Trans Isomers), & Enantiomers (those have L Isomer & D Isomer)
What are the bases of RNA?
A, U, G, C
Draw the carboxyl group
DRAW ON PAPER
What is the function for the amino group?
It is a base
What are the steps of the pyruvate process?
CO2 is cut off from the pyruvate, electrons are stripped and taken by NAD+ which turns into NADH, Coenzyme A attaches to from acetyl CoA
How does carbon obtain a full valence shell?
By forming covalent bonds
Where does phosphodiester linkage link to?
prime carbon #3 and prime carbon#5
What happens in the payoff stage in glycolysis?
Produces 4 ATP’s but only get a net gain of 2 ATPs, and get the molecule pyruvate
What are insertion mutations?
adds one or more bases to a group of 3 bases and changes the rest of the bases along the line
Where are central vacuoles found?
In plants
How many ATPs does cellular respiration often times produce?
32 ATPs
What is thermal energy?
Anything to do with heat
What are trans fats?
An unsaturated fat, formed during hydrogenation of oils, containing one or more trans double bonds.
What is the function of Helicase in DNA replication?
Opens up the template for DNA replications (the unzipper)
What does a cell need to be characterized as a cell?
ALL 7 characteristics of life
What is a condension reaction?
a reaction in which two molecules are covalently bonded to each other with the loss of a small molecule.
What do defensive proteins do?
Protect against diseases
Draw the amino group
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What is the carboxy terminus? and what is the abbreviation for it?
The far right end of an amino acid, and the C-terminus
What differences/forms can a carbon use to form a lot of molecules?
Length, Branching, Shape, Bonding with other atoms, Isomers, functional groups
What is the function enzymatic activity in membrane proteins?
To transform a molecule into another form
How does the PH levels affect enzyme activity?
PH levels need to be at the optimal level for the enzyme to be at it’s most effective point. If the PH levels are above or below the optimal level then the enzyme activity decreases.
What linkage holds two polysaccharides together?
glycosidic linkage
What is Diversity?
A difference between 2 species
What DNA bases do purines have?
Adenine (A), Guanine (G)
What are some examples of non-coding RNAs?
MicroRNAs (miRNA)
Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs)
What is polar in phospholipid? And what makes it polar?
The head of a phospholipid is polar. Alcohol modifiers make it polar
Organisms that live in a hot spring, what DNA bases are they most likely to favor in their DNA?
G & C because they have 3 bonds instead of A & T which has 2 bonds
What kind of system are cells apart of and why?
Open system, because they must have a steady supply of nutrients, must have the ability to expel waste products, must have the ability to store and transfer energy
Which atom is negative in a polar covalent bond?
The atom with the bigger electronegativity
What other molecules are used as the electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration?
Sulfate and nitrate
What is the transition state in enzyme activity?
Input of activation energy
What are specialized transcription factors?
They enhance the activity of the gene or silence it, they do not bind to the promoter. Either bind before the promoter or after the promoter
What is the role of Coenzyme A in pyruvate oxidation?
To make the molecule more reactive so it can interact with other molecules
What are the exons and introns in the transcript A mRNA and transcript B mRNA? (look at pic in your phone)
Transcript A
Exon 3 = Exon
Exon 4 = Intron
Transcript B
Exon 3 = Intron
Exon 4 = Exon
What are linked genes?
Close genes that are inherited together during crossing over
What are exons?
They are a sequence in RNA that are not cut out and are coding regions. They code for a specific domain
What are some of the various proteins that intermediate filaments are made of?
Keratin, and Lamins
What is a Neutron?
A subatomic particle having no electrical charge (electrically neutral) found in the nucleus of an atom
What is homeoviscosity?
The membrane is at the perfect flexibility to function properly
What functions do peroxisomes perform?
Oxidation reactions, detoxification of alcohol and other poisons, breaks down fatty acids for energy, uses catalase to dispose of hydrogen peroxide, Produces hydrogen peroxide as a by-product
What is energy?
The ability to do work
How is equilibrium achieved?
It is achieved in a closed system environment
What happens in the meiosis 1?
Chromosomes separate into 2 different cells. It goes through the same steps as mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis)
What is a Hypothesis?
A testable explanation guided by inductive reasoning.
What do structural proteins do?
Support/structure of cells
What is the function for the phosphate group?
acid
What is a control variable?
the variable that is held constant or is controlled.
What are Producers?
They produce/ make energy (Ex: Plants that make their own food through. sunlight, air, and water)
What is the initiation in DNA transcription in bacterial cells?
Where RNA polymerase starts off by unwinding the DNA and starts the process
What are the roles of a phospholipid?
Major constituent of cell membranes
what is the amino terminus? and what is the abbreviation for it?
The far left end of an amino acid, and the N-terminus
What does the citric acid cycle start with to begin it’s process?
Acetyl CoA
What is the Golgi apparatus?
Stacked flatten membrane sacs that package and ship out proteins received from the transfer vesicles
What is fat?
A lipid consisting of three fatty acids
What is intracellular? And is it polar or non-polar?
It is the water that is inside of the cell/inside of the membrane and it is polar
What is a double bond?
A double covalent bond; the sharing of two pairs of valence electrons by two atoms. (single bond times 2)
What is the M stage? And what happens to the cells that are in this stage?
Where mitosis and cytokinesis take place
What is matter?
Anything that takes up space and has matter
What is a mass number?
The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
What is amoeboid motion?
A crawling-like type of movement that microfilaments use
What energy does molecular motors use to do their functions?
They use ATP
What did Payton Rous do a study on in 1911?
Studied chickens and their tumors
What is a glycosidic linkage?
Linkage that joins 2 monosaccharides together
What is the function for the carbonyl group?
It is polar
What happens in gene regulation and chromatin?
Tightly packed means genes are hidden and not available (Heterochromatin) and loosely packed means genes are not hidden and available (Euchromatin)
What are the functions of these membrane proteins? (integral, peripheral, lipid-anchored, multi-pass, single-pass, monotopic)
enzymatic activity, transport, signal transduction, cell to cell recognition, intercellular joining, attachment
What reaction happens when a fatty acid and a glycerol are joined together?
A dehydration reaction
What do contractile/motor proteins do?
Movement of the body
What is the function of NADH+ and FAD?
to carry electrons to the electron transport chain
How do we go from diploid cells to haploid gametes?
meiosis
What is altered activity with alleles?
Adds sugars to the H-antigen to our red blood cells (glycosyl-transferase)
What is an Ionized group?
Groups that are negative in charge that can form ionic bonds with a positive charged group
Draw the carbonyl group
DRAW ON PAPER
What was the study that Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase conducted?
They studied the virus bacteriophage T2. Fond out that it only consists of DNA and protein. And that DNA in the virus only goes into the bacterial cell.
What are the functions of Elaioplasts?
Storage of fatty acids & terpenes
What are the functions of amyloplasts?
Starch storage
What happens during cytokinesis?
Cleavage furrow constricts
Cell divides
Cells separate
What are most enzymes?
They are proteins
How do we get different eye colors?
Alleles produce more melanin than others and that is how you get eye color
What is the alpha helix? And is it polar or non-polar?
It is the back bone of an amino acid (N-C-C) and it is non-polar
What do cells need energy for?
chemical, mechanical, transport work
What is the process of phagocytosis?
It surrounds the food vacuole and releases the digestive enzymes in the lysosomes and the enzymes break down the food vacuole. While this is happening the Ph level is being lowered so the enzymes can function
What are glycogen?
Extensively branched polymer (branches every 8-10 units), Produced by animals , Stored in the liver and in muscle cells, hydrolyzed to monomers when energy is needed, Easy to digest, Provides immediate energy
What type of membrane surrounds the nucleus in an eukaryotic cell?
A double membrane
What are general specialized transcription factors?
They do the same thing and bind to the promoter
What kind of reaction is used when you are using ADP to build up ATP?
An anabolic reaction
What is a Cation?
A positive charged Ion
What is a structural isomer?
They have the same atoms/elements but their structure is different. (look at 01/25/23 for pic)
What is the dominate allele?
A gene that is higher or more dominate than the other gene more common (only need one gene to override other recessive genes)
What happens at the G2 checkpoint?
Sees if the chromosome replication is chilling and if its good it goes ahead and moves on but if chromosomes are damaged then they are killed off (apoptosis)
What is the function for the Methyl group?
Non-polar
What is the role of mRNA?
Carries code for proteins
What do hormonal proteins do?
Coordination/Regulation of an organisms activities
What are somethings we need to avoid or limit to prevent cancer?
Alcohol & tobacco
Exposure to the sun
Highly processed foods
Burnt foods
Unprotected sex
What makes proteins different from others?
The side chains of amino acids
What are the types of storage polysaccharides?
Amylose, Amylopectin, starches, glycogen
What are membranes made out of?
Phospholipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and cholesterol
What does the calvin cycle produce?
Glucose (sugar)
What is the leading strand?
The strand on the inside that is continuous
What function is performed for allosteric inactivation?
Binds to the regulatory site of an enzyme and turns off the enzyme so it can not perform its function
what does being amphipathic mean in a cell?
a cell that has polar and non-polar parts to it
What are chemoheterotrophs?
Organisms that get their energy from eating things and their inorganic carbon from eating other things as well
What happens to an isotonic cell during osmosis?
It stays the same