Exam 3: Vowels/Consonants Flashcards
predominantly carries power of speech
vowels
made relatively constriction free
vowels
relatively higher intensity
vowels
relatively shorter duration
consonants
predominantly carries speech intelligibility
consonants
relatively higher frequency
consonants
American English consonants are made with the following airstream
pulmonic
the three features that traditionally describe articulation of consonants are
place manner voice
voiceless plosive
source/type
vocal tract
aperiodic
voiceless fricative
source/type
vocal tract
aperiodic
voiced fricative
source/type
vocal folds/vocal tract
mixed
semivowel
source/type
vocal folds
periodic
voiced plosive
source/type
vocal folds/vocal tract
mixed
nasals
source/type
vocal folds
periodic
dipthong
source/type
vocal folds
periodic
vowels
source/type
vocal folds
periodic
enhanced frequencies originate in vocal tract
formants
sound wave with frequency that is a positive integer multiple of the fundamental frequency
harmonics
a band of frequencies in a sound spectrum that have a greater intensity
formants
the frequencies of these can be altered by changing the shape/tension of vocal folds and therefore the pitch being created
harmonics
these can be changed by changing the size and shape of vocal tract
formants
children’s fundamental frequency tend to be around
300 hz
t/f when producing a nasal, the velum is raised
false
t/f /a/ is considered a tense vowel
false
t/f intrinsic tongue muscles control position of the tongue
false
vocal tract modification:
lip rounding
f2 decreases
vocal tract modification:
tongue height low
f1 increases
vocal tract modification:
tongue height high
f1 decreases
vocal tract modification:
tongue back position
f2 decreases
vocal tract modification:
mouth spread
f2 increases
vocal tract modification:
tongue front position
f2 increases
this formant is influenced by size of pharyngeal cavity
f1
this formant is influenced by oral cavity size
f2
what do horizontal lines represent on spectrum
vowel formants
American English consonants are produced with
egressive airflow
closure of the velopharyngeal port is achieved primarily by contraction of the
levator veli palatini
tensor veli palatini
the inferior, middle, and superior constrictor muscles are together referred to as the
pharynx
define VOT
in a stop consonant its the period of time between the release of the energy and the voicing
determines if it will be voiced or voiceless
> 30 m/s = voiceless
voice onset time is a critical acoustic cue for perception of
voiced versus voiceless stop
antiformants
present when airflow is divided, such as in the /m/ and /n/
the acoustic evidence for place of articulation for the glides is
the formant transition of the adjacent vowel
for a tube closed at one end and open at the other, the tube will resonate best at a frequency that has a wavelength that is __ times the length of the tube
4
3 common characteristics of deaf speech
They lateralize consonants with an l
Nasalize their sounds
Talk in lower frequencies
keep tongue in mid position
discuss how you would produce the sound /v/ relating your answer back to the source filter model.
/v/ is a voiced labiodental sound. the sound is coming from the larynx with the vocal folds vibrating. the vocal tract will resonate. the radiation from the lips helps create the full sound and then there is a radiated acoustic pressure wave.
what parameters are shown on a spectrogram? what characteristics should you look for?
3 formants. f1 represents tongue height, f2 is tongue advancement. the darker bands are the ferments representing intensity. the more darker they are the higher the intensity. the harmonics are the areas in between the darker bands which come from the vocal tract.
