Exam 3 Subluxation Part 2

Question 1

Whose work led to an alternative model of subluxation sybdrome-induced, impulse-based neurodysfunction?

Answer 1

Earl Homewood and Irwin Korr

Question 2

According to Homewood and Korr, vertebral joint dysfunctions are lesions capable of inducing what kinds of chronically altered input?

Answer 2

nociceptive and proprioceptive

Question 3

T/F: According to Homewood and Korr, the persistent efferent input of vertebral joint dysfunctions leads to the development of pathologic somatosomatic or somatovisceral reflexes.

Answer 3

False; should say Afferent input not efferent

Question 4

T/F: Segmental muscle hypertonicity that may be associated with joint dysfunction is an example of the Somatovisceral Reflex Hypothesis.

Answer 4

False; this is an example of the somato-somatic reflex hypothesis

Question 5

Which reflex hypothesis can described as afferent impulses from one body area can result in reflex activity in other body areas?

Answer 5

Somato-Somatic

Question 6

Which reflex hypothesis can be described as afferent impulses in one body are can result in reflex activity in correspondingly innervated visceral organ activity?

Answer 6

Somatovisceral

Question 7

T/F: Heart palpitations secondary to thoracic join dysfunction is an example of the viscerosomatic reflex hypothesis.

Answer 7

False; somatovisceral

Question 8

T/F: Pain and muscle tightness in the left shoulder with the onset of MI is an example of the viscerosomatic reflex hypothesis.

Answer 8

True

Question 9

Visceral afferent fibers reflexly cause somatic problems. Which Reflex Hypothesis is this?

Answer 9

Viscerosomatic

Question 10

T/F: Distention of the gut results in increased contraction of the gut muscle is an example of the Viscerosomatic reflex hypothesis.

Answer 10

False; viscerovisceral

Question 11

Visceral afferent impulses result in activation of visceral efferent output of the sympathetic or parasympathetic motor neurons. Which reflex hypothesis is this?

Answer 11

viscerovisceral

Question 12

T/F: Afferent pathways from the somatic and visceral structures can produce somatosomatic, somatovisceral, viscerosomatic, and viscerovisceral reflex phenomena.

Answer 12

True.

Question 13

T/F: A 1958 study from the Journal of the American Medical Association concluded that processes in the vertebral column seemed to play a part in 50% of the patients with peptic ulcers.

Answer 13

False; actually stated 90%, not 50%

Question 14

Subluxations can affect upon the ascending paths of the reticular activating system. Which Reflex Hypothesis is this?

Answer 14

Somatopsychic

Question 15

Which Reflex hypothesis is this an example of? Joint dysfunction leading to conditions such as insomnia and restlessness.

Answer 15

Somatopsychic

Question 16

Patients under significant emotional distress at the time of a car accident showed more neck pain 4 weeks post injury. Which Reflex Hypothesis is this example?

Answer 16

Psychosomatic

Question 17

Significant conscious or unconscious stressors perpetuate sensitization of afferent nerve fibers, amplification of signals by amygdala and anterior cingulate cortex and reinforcement of efferent signals in the ANS. Which Reflex Hypothesis is this?

Answer 17

Psychosomatic

Question 18

Which theory/hypothesis focuses on lowered tissue resistance that results from abnormal innervation (susceptible host)?

Answer 18

Neurodystrophic Hypothesis

Question 19

What are the 3 Inflammatory-Vascular Components of the VSC which may be initiated by joint injury, chronic mechanical joint derangement, or joint immobilization?

Answer 19

vascular congestion, ischemia, and inflammation

Question 20

T/F: A VSC can cause venous stasis which may lead to local ischemia, inflammation and potential associated joint stiffness.

Answer 20

True

Question 21

Persistent pain and inflammation may lead to plastic changes in the PNS and CNS that lower pain thresholds and give rise to allodynia, hyperalgesia, and what?

Answer 21

and sensitization of the CNS

Question 22

T/F: Some degree of joint or soft tissue inflammation should be suspected when the patient’s pain is constant.

Answer 22

True

Question 23

T/F: There is no one true or correct theory of subluxation.

Answer 23

True

Question 24

T/F: Manual therapy includes all procedures that utilize instruments like the Activator to mobilize, adjust, manipulate, create traction, or massage the somatic or visceral structures of the body.

Answer 24

False; manual therapy includes all procedures that USE THE HANDS to do this

Question 25

T/F: When a subluxation is treated the adjustive thrust is typically delivered in the direction of reduced joint motion to restore motion and alignment.

Answer 25

true

Question 26

What is the most commonly applied chiropractic therapy?

Answer 26

adjustments

Question 27

The purpose of an adjustment is to restore joint mobility. How many spinal joints or segmental motion unit are typically meant to be influenced by an adjustment?

Answer 27

one

Question 28

Do bones subluxate?

Answer 28

no, only an articulation can

Question 29

Can a single vertebra become subluxated?

Answer 29

noe

Question 30

T/F: chiropractors adjust individual vertebrae.

Answer 30

False; we are adjusting motion units

Question 31

What joints are included in a “motion unit?”

Answer 31

3-joint complex: the IVD surrounded by 2 adjacent vertebrae from the anterior joint and the 2 zygapophyseal joints form the posterior joints

Question 32

T/F: Physiologic stretching, compression, and stimulation of the contents of the IVF is completely normal and necessary to maintain a healthy state.

Answer 32

True

Question 33

T/F: Acute subluxation presents with signs of hypoactivity/compression.

Answer 33

False this is true of chronic subluxation

Question 34

What does acute subluxation present with?

Answer 34

hyperactivity/irritability