Exam 3 Balance/Posture Part 1

Question 1

What is the term for the point at which the force of gravity seems to be concentrated?

Answer 1

Center of mass/gravity

Question 2

What is the term for a vertical line representing gravity that passes through a system’s center of mass/gravity?

Answer 2

line of gravity

Question 3

T/F: In a typical person exhibiting proper, neutral posture, from the lateral view, the line of gravity passes through the vertex, mastoid process, Acromion process, and through the bodies of C1, C6, T11, L5, and S1 along with other structures.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

What is the term for the area bound by regions of contact between a body and support surface or surfaces?

Answer 4

Base of support (BOS)

Question 5

What term is the ability to maintain the center-of-gravity of an object within its base of support and is also known as stability?

Answer 5

Balance

Question 6

What is your BOS when sitting?

Answer 6

the area bound by your thigh and buttocks

Question 7

What term refers to the boundaries within which the body can maintain stability without changing BOS?

Answer 7

stability limits

Question 8

What happens if COG moves beyond limits of the BOS?

Answer 8

fall

COG=center of gravity and BOS=base of support

Question 9

What results from the interaction between the velocity and position of COG?

Answer 9

stability limits

Question 10

T/F: Fear of falling has no impact of dynamic stability limits.

Answer 10

False

Question 11

What are the 5 main muscles/muscle groups considered primary postural (anti-gravity) muscles?

Answer 11

Neck extensors, Paraspinals, hip extensors, Gastroc-soleus, and Quadriceps

Question 12

Which mode of postural control is considered anticipatory, responding prior to voluntary movement that is potentially destabilizing?

Answer 12

Feedforward control

Question 13

Which mode of postural control is considered compensatory or reactive, and is mainly sensory feedback from unexpected external perturbations triggering postural responses?

Answer 13

Feedback control

Question 14

Slipping on the ice would trigger a response from which mode of postural control, feedforward or feedback?

Answer 14

feedback

Question 15

What 3 inputs must be integrated to maintain proper posture and balance?

Answer 15

visual, vestibular, and proprioceptive inputs

Question 16

T/F: The Romberg Test is used to analyze the vestibular input.

Answer 16

False; Romberg Test is for visual input analysis

Question 17

Which input is tested when standing on unstable surfaces? Which is tested by the caloric reflex test?

Answer 17

proprioceptive;

vestibular

Question 18

T/F: Good posture usually results in the least amount of energy expended.

Answer 18

True

Question 19

T/F: Research suggests that with every one inch of forward head carriage, the spine must support an additional 5 pounds.

Answer 19

False; an extra 10 pounds per inch

Question 20

What is the term for bipedal locomotion, a functional task requiring complex interactions and coordination among most of the major joints of the body, particularly of the lower extremity?

Answer 20

Gait

Question 21

What is the term for the manner or style of walking?

Answer 21

gait

Question 22

What is the term for the evaluation of the manner or style of walking?

Answer 22

Gait analysis

Question 23

What is the term for the combination of several successively arranged joints constituting a complex motor unit?

Answer 23

Kinetic chain

Question 24

What is the term for a kinetic chain in which the terminal segment can move freely? for when the distal end of the extremity is fixed?

Answer 24

Open Chain Movement;

Closed Chain Movement

Question 25

What is the term for the force exerted by the ground on a body in contact with it?

Answer 25

Ground Reactive Forces

Question 26

T/F: During gait, the hip joint motion is biaxial.

Answer 26

False; hip motion is triaxial

Question 27

What are the 3 motion of the hip joint during gait? Which has the largest range?

Answer 27

flexion-extension, adduction-abduction, and int-ext rotation;
Flexion-extension

Question 28

T/F: During gait, the knee join is biaxial.

Answer 28

False; triaxial like the hip

Question 29

Which motion of the knee joint is aka varus-valgus?

Answer 29

Adduction-abduction

Question 30

What is the primary motion of the knee joint? Which motion is the most limited (due to soft tissue and body constraints)?

Answer 30

flexion-extension;

Varus-valgus

Question 31

Ankle motion is restricted by morphological constraints of which joint? What are the only motions allowed by the joint?

Answer 31

talocrural;

plantar flexion and dorsiflexion

Question 32

What bones make up the talocrural joint?

Answer 32

talus, tibia, and fibula

Question 33

Biomechanically, what must we do to initiate the first step from standing still?

Answer 33

must initiate a fall