Exam 1 Part 4

Question 1

How is toughness measured?

Answer 1

by the total energy required to cause material failure; total area under the stress/strain curve

Question 2

Rank in order of toughness: bone, ligament, tendon.

Answer 2

tendons are tougher than ligaments which are tougher than bones

Question 3

Which is more ductile, tendons or ligaments?

Answer 3

ligaments

Question 4

Rank in order of strength: tendons, ligaments, bones.

Answer 4

bones are stronger than tendons which are stronger than ligaments

Question 5

What is the term for the ability to return to the original shape when the load is removed?

Answer 5

elasticity

Question 6

What is the yield point?

Answer 6

the point at which the applied stress can lead to permanent deformation

Question 7

What is the term for the nonlinear response of the material after yield point where some deformation will persist after removal of the stress?

Answer 7

plastic region

Question 8

What is the term for the property of materials to resist loads that produce shear or tensile forces?

Answer 8

Viscosity

Question 9

What does viscous stretch refer to?

Answer 9

Viscous (plastic) stretch refers to putty-like behavior: the linear deformation produced by tensile stress remains even after the stress is removed

Question 10

What three time dependent characteristics will viscoelastic structures show?

Answer 10

creep, hysteresis, and relaxation

Question 11

What is creep?

Answer 11

continued deformation over time when constantly loaded which occurs dues to the expulsion of water

Question 12

What is the eventual decrease in stress which corresponds to creep, that will occur as a fluid is no longer exuded?

Answer 12

Relaxation

Question 13

What is the term for the energy loss exhibited by viscoelastic materials when they are subjected to loading and unloading cycles?

Answer 13

hysteresis

Question 14

What is the toe region?

Answer 14

normal range of motion requiring little force

Question 15

T/F: Grade one sprains are considered micro-failure.

Answer 15

True

Question 16

T/F: Grade Two sprains are considered micro-failure.

Answer 16

False; Grade two (and three) sprains are macro-failure

Question 17

What are the 3 characteristic stages of healing strains/sprains?

Answer 17

inflammation, repair, and remodeling

Question 18

T/F: Inflammation, repair and remodeling which follow strains/sprains are distinct stages that do not overlap.

Answer 18

False; inflammation can last 72 hours while repair can begin at 48 hours. Also, repair can last up to 6 weeks while remodeling can begin at 3 weeks.

Question 19

T/F: A sprain is an injury to a tendon.

Answer 19

False; sprain=ligament, strain=tendon

Think about straining your muscles to lift something heavy. Or just that tendon and strain both have a “T”

Question 20

What muscles are most at risk of straining?

Answer 20

fusiform muscles crossing 2 joints: hamstrings, rectus femoris, medial gastrocnemius, biceps brachii

Question 21

Which grades of strains will be painful to contract? Which may have a palpable defect?

Answer 21

Grade 1 and 2;

Grade 3

Question 22

What grade of strain will involve about 1/4-1/2 of the muscle/tendon torn?

Answer 22

Grade two strain

Question 23

T/F: A grade 1 strain will show little or no weakness or loss of function.

Answer 23

True

Question 24

Would an injury to a capsule be considered a strain or a sprain?

Answer 24

Sprain (non-contractile tissues)

Question 25

T/F: All grades of sprains will show a decrease in range of motion.

Answer 25

False; 1 and 2 decrease, but grade 3 may show an increased ROM

Question 26

When is a joint capsule at a Loose Pack Position?

Answer 26

When the capsule has the most slack and the joint is at its resting position

Question 27

When is a joint capsule in the Closed Pack Position?

Answer 27

When the joint surfaces are in the closest approximation

Question 28

When are the spinal facets in a close pack position? Glenohumeral joint?

Answer 28

during extension

abduction and external rotation

Question 29

T/F: All joints with a capsule have a capsular pattern which are patterns of restriction in a joint.

Answer 29

True

Question 30

What is it called when a joint becomes excessively restricted due to adhesions in the capsule?

Answer 30

Adhesive capsulitis or frozen shoulder

Question 31

What is the capsular pattern of the spine?

Answer 31

lateral flexion with rotation and extension

Question 32

What is the capsular pattern of the hip joint?

Answer 32

flexion, abduction, and internal rotation

Question 33

What is the capsular pattern of the glenohumeral joint?

Answer 33

abduction with rotation

Question 34

What are some non-capsular patterns that can arise from anomalies causing joint restriction?

Answer 34

joint mice, impingements, plica, and other internal derangements