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Functional Anatomy > Exam #3 - Lumbar Spine > Flashcards

Exam #3 - Lumbar Spine Flashcards

1
Q

The vertebral column consits of how many vertebral bony segments?

A

33

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2
Q

Normal Curvatures

  • Define the ____ position of different regions
  • Considered ____
A
  • Define the neutral position of different regions
  • Considered dynamic
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3
Q

Cervical & lumbar curves develope with ____ maturation & assuming a more ____ posture

A

Cervical & lumbar curves develope with motor maturation & assuming a more upright posture

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4
Q

Anatomical factors influencing the curves of the spine (4)

A
  1. Wedge-shaped intervertebral discs or vertebral bodies
  2. Spatial orientation of apophyseal joints
  3. Tension in ligaments
  4. Degree of natural muscle stiffness
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5
Q

Line of gravity (ideal posture)

  • Passes near the ____ ____
  • Anterior to the 2nd ____ ____
  • Posterior to the ____
  • Anterior to the ____
  • Anterior to the ____
A
  • Passes near the mastoid process
  • Anterior to the 2nd sacral vertebra
  • Posterior to the hip
  • Anterior to the knee
  • Anterior to the ankle
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6
Q

The line of gravity (ideal posture) promotes ____ shape of spinal curves

A

promotes optimal shape of spinal curves

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7
Q

These factors affect what?

  • Fat deposition
  • Specific shapes of regional spinal curvatures
  • Static posture of the head & limbs
  • Muscle strength
  • Connective tissue extensibility
  • Position & magnitude of loads supported by the body
A

Spatial Relationships of vertebrae

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8
Q

The lumbar vertebrae increases in size from ____ to ____ in order to accomidate progressively ____ loads

A

The lumbar vertebrae increases in size from L1 to L5 in order to accomindate progressively increasing loads

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9
Q

Lateral recess is located medial to the

A

Intervertebral foramen

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10
Q

What structures makeup the neural arch?

A
  • 2 pedicles
  • 2 laminae
  • 2 superior articular processes
  • 2 inferior articular processes
  • 2 transverse processes
  • 1 spinous process
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11
Q

Three functional components of the Intervertebral Junctions

A
  1. Transverse & spinous processes
  2. Apophyseal joints
  3. Interbody joint
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12
Q

Function of Interbody Joints

  • Transmit forces from ____ & ____ to cranial
  • Promotes ____ & ____ throughout the vertebral column
A
  • Transmits forces from cranial & caudal to cranial
  • Promotes stabilization & mobility throughout the vertebral column
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13
Q

Interbody Joints

  • 23 interbody joints
  • From ____ to ____
  • Classified as a ____
  • Consists of an intervertebral disc, vertebral endplate & adjacent vertebral bodies
A
  • 23 interbody joints
  • From C2-3 to L5-S1
  • Classified as a cartilaginous
  • Consists of an intervertebral disc, vertebral endplate & adjacent vertebral bodies
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14
Q

The state of leaning, resting or reclining

A

recumbency

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15
Q

Is the IV disc taller or shorter in the morning?

A

Taller

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16
Q

The combined heights of the intervertebral disc accounts for ~____ - ____% of the total length of the spinal column

A

~20-33%

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17
Q
  • Diurnal (daily) changes occur within the disc
  • Sustained compression removes fluid from disc (dehydrates)
  • Unloading the disc (recumbency) results in imbition of fluid
  • 2cm taller in the morning
A

Intervertebral Discs

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18
Q
  • Pulplike gel located in the mid-to-posterior part of the disc
  • 70-90% water
  • 15-20% type II collagen
  • Thickened into gel-like consistency via proteoglycans
A

Nucleus Pulposus

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19
Q

Function of Nucleus Pulposus

  • Allows the disc to act as a modified ____ ____
A

Hydraulic shock

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20
Q
  • Encases the nucleus pulposus
  • Type 1 & Type 2 collagen make up 50-60% of the dry weight
  • Elastic protein
A

Annulus Fibrosus of intervertebral disc

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21
Q

Function of Annulus Fibrosus

  • Constrain the nuclear material during ____ loading thereby promoting an ____ hydrostatic pressure
A

Constrain the nuclear material during compressive loading thereby promoting an increased hydrostatic pressure

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22
Q

Function of End Plate

  • Adhere the discs to the vertebral bodies & promote ____ of nutrients to the intervertebral disc
A

Adhere the discs to the vertebral bodies & promote diffusion of nutrients to the intervertebral disc

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23
Q

Intervertebral Disc: End Plate

  • Thin cartilaginous caps that cover most the ____ & ____ surfaces of the vertebral bodies
  • Disc surface is ____
  • Vertebral surface is ____ cartilage (weak link)
A
  • Thin cartilaginous caps that cover most the superior & inferior surfaces of the vertebral bodies
  • Disc surface is fibrocartilage
  • Vertebral surface is calcified cartilage (weak link)
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24
Q

Intervertebral Disc: Axial Loading

When a load is applied vertically
* Nuclear pressure ____
* The nucleus ____ & ____ the compressive forces

A
  • Nuclear pressure rises
  • The nucleus absorbs & transmits the compressive forces
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25
Q

During axial loading the nucleus absorbs & transmits the compressive forces to…

A

Vertebral end plates & annulus fibrosus

26
Q

Axial Loading

Peripheral pressure ____ the tension on the collagen fibers, which resis it until a ____ is reached

A

Peripheral pressure increases the tension on the collagen fibers, which resis it until a balance is reached

27
Q

Axial Loading

The point when radial pressure is matched by the collagen tension
* Pressure is transfered from one end plate to another
* Nucleus pulposus braces the annulus fibrous preventing buckling under sustained loads

A

Peripheral pressure of the intervertebral disc is balanced

28
Q

The nucleus pulposus is ____ but relatively incompressible

A

Deformable

29
Q

The extent & magnitude of compression of the intervertebral disc depends on what 3 components

A
  1. Amount of applied compressive force
  2. Disc height
  3. Cross-sectional area of the disc
30
Q

Primary factors that affect intervertebral disc height variations

Related to intrinsic individual factors such as (5)

A
  1. body height
  2. gender
  3. age
  4. disc level
  5. geographic region
31
Q

Secondary factors that affect intervertebral disc height variations

Associated with extrinsic factors such as (3)

A
  1. degeneration
  2. abnormality
  3. clinical management
32
Q

Intradiscal Pressure Studies

Disc pressures are large when holding a load in

A

front of the body especially when bending forward

33
Q

Intradiscal Pressure Studies

Sitting in a forward-slouched position proceduces ____ disc pressure than sitting erect

A

greater disc pressure

34
Q

Intradiscal Pressure Studies

Lifting a load with knee flexed places ____ pressure on the lumbar disc than does lifting a load with the knees straight

A

less pressure

35
Q

Intervertebral Disc: Torsion

Segmental rotation of 3° or greater could

A

Promote injury

36
Q

Intervertebral Disc: Torsion

What increases the potential for a lateral shear on the annulus & tension at the contralateral ZAJ

A

The superior vertebrae pivot backwards on impacted joint causing vertebrae to swing laterally & backward

37
Q

Intervertebral Disc: Torsion potential results

  1. Compression fx of ____ ____
  2. Subchondral fx
  3. Fragmentation of the articular surface & ____
  4. Avulsion of the ____ joint capsule
  5. Pars interarticularis fx
A

Compression fx of the contralateral lamina

Fragmentation of the articular surface & tearing

38
Q
  • 24 pairs throughout the spine
  • Formed between opposing articular facet surfaces
  • Planar joint
A

Apophyseal joints

39
Q

Apophyseal Joint Function: Permit certain movements & block other movements

  • Horizontal facets promote ____ ____
  • Vertical facets ____ axial rotation
A
  • Horizontal facets promote axial rotation
  • Vertical facets block axial rotation
40
Q

L1 to L4 region forms what function

A

Thoracolumbar junction

41
Q

L5 to S1 region forms what function

A

Lumbosacral junction

42
Q
  • Axial rotation between L1 and L2
  • Move closer to its partner facet
  • Caused by compression force
A

approximation of joint surfaces

43
Q
  • Therapeutic traction as a way to decompress
  • Move away from partner facet
  • Caused by distraction forces
A

Seperation (gapping) between joint surfaces

44
Q
  • Flexion-extension of the mind to lower cervical spine
  • Translates linear or curvilinear direction
  • Caused by forced directed tangential to the joint surfaces
A

Sliding (gliding) between joint surfaces

45
Q

Lumbopelvic Rhythm

Pelvis & spine rotate in same direction

A

Ipsidirectional Lumbopelvic Rhythm

46
Q

Lumbopelvic Rhythm

Pelvis & spine rotate in opposite directions

A

Contradirectional Lumbopelvic Rhythm

47
Q

Lumbopelvic Rhythm

Three different lumbopelvic rhythms used to…

A

flex the trunk forward & toward the floor with knees held straight

48
Q

Lumbopelvic Rhythm

40° flexion of lumbar spine & 70° of hip flexion

A

Normal lumbopelvic rhythm

49
Q

Lumbopelvic Rhythm

Limited hip flexion =

A

Greater flexion of the lumbar & thoracic spine

50
Q

Lumbopelvic Rhythm

Limited lumbar mobility =

A

Greater flexion of the hip joints

51
Q
  • Flexes lumbar spine
  • Decreases lordosis
  • Shifts nucleus pulposus posteriorly
  • Increases the diameter of the intervertebral foramen
A

Posterior pelvic tilt

52
Q
  • Extends the lumbar spine
  • Increases lordosis
  • Shifts the nucleus pulposus anteriorly
  • Reduces the diameter of the intervertebral foramen
A

Anterior Pelvic Tilt

53
Q

Sacroiliac Joint is classified as what type of joint?

A

Modified synarthrodial joint

54
Q
  • Provides stress relief within the pelvic ring
  • Provide a stable means of load transfer bw the axial skeleton & lower limbs
A

Function of Sacroiliac joint

55
Q
  • Provides stress relief within the pelvic ring
  • Provide a stable means of load transfer bw the axial skeleton & lower limbs
A

Function of Sacroiliac joint

56
Q

Relative anterior tilt of the base of sacrum relative to ilium

Anterior sacral-on-iliac rotation + Posterior iliac-on-sacral rotation

A

Nutation (nod) of the SIJ

57
Q

Relative posterior tilt of the base of sacrum relative to ilium

Posterior sacral-on-iliac rotation + Anterior-on-sacral rotation

A

Counternutation

58
Q

Iliac surface is made up of what?

A

Fibrocartilage

59
Q

Sacral surface is made up of what?

A

Hyaline cartilage (3-5x thicker)

60
Q
  • Self-locking mechanism
  • “Step-wise” creep deformation
A

SIJ bony MACROscopic state

Functional Anatomy (17 decks)

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