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Functional Anatomy > Exam #1 - Biomechanics > Flashcards

Exam #1 - Biomechanics Flashcards

1
Q

closer to the head

A

Superior/Cranial

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2
Q

The lungs are ____ to the diaphragm

A

The lungs are superior to the diaphragm

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3
Q

Closer to the feet

A

Inferior/Caudal

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4
Q

Toward the front of the body

A

Anterior/Ventral

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5
Q

Toward the back of the body

A

Posterior/Dorsal

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6
Q

Toward the midline of the body

A

Medial

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7
Q

Away from the midline of the body

A

Lateral

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8
Q

Closer to the trunk

A

Proximal

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9
Q

Away from the trunk

A

Distal

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10
Q

Toward the surface of the body

A

Superficial

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11
Q

Away from the surface of the body toward the inside of the body

A

Deep

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12
Q

The liver is ____ to the diaphragm

A

The liver is inferior to the diaphragm

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13
Q

The sternum is ____ to the heart

A

The sternum is anterior to the heart

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14
Q

The vertebrae are ____ to the heart

A

The vertebrae are posterior to the heart

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15
Q

The humerus is ____ to the radius

A

The humerus is proximal to the radius

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16
Q

The scaphoid is ____ to the radius

A

The scaphoid is distal to the radius

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17
Q

The pectoralis major is ____ to the pectoralis minor

A

The pectoralis major is superficial to the pectoralis minor

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18
Q

Branch of mechanics that describes motion of a body without considering the forces that produce motion

A

Kinematics

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19
Q

Primary variables of kinematics (3)

A
  • Position
  • Velocity
  • Acceleration
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20
Q

Movement of the body is either considered to be

A

Active or Passive

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21
Q

Movement produced by muscle activation (e.g. lifting a glass)

A

Active movement

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22
Q

Produced by a source other than muscle activation (e.g. gravity)

A

Passive movement

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23
Q

Describes motion of the bones relative to the 3 cardinal planes of the body (e.g., anatomical position)

A

Osteokinematics

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24
Q

What are the 3 cardinal planes of the body?

A
  • Sagittal Plane
  • Frontal Plane
  • Horizontal Plane
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25
Q

Runs parallel to the sagittal surture & divides into right & left halves

A

Sagittal Plane

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26
Q

Runs parallel to the coronal surture & divides into front & back halves

A

Frontal Plane

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27
Q

Runs parallel to the horizon & divides into upper & lower halves

A

Horizontal Plane

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28
Q

What motions are performed in the Sagittal Plane? (6)

A
  • Flexion/Extension
  • Dorsiflexion/Plantarflexion
  • Forward & Backward Bending
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29
Q

What motions are performed in the Frontal Plane? (7)

A
  • Abduction/adduction
  • Lateralflexion
  • Ulnar/radialdeviation
  • Eversion/inversion
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30
Q

What motions are performed in the Horizontal Plane? (3)

A
  • Internal (medial) rotation
  • External (lateral) rotation
  • Axial rotation
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31
Q

**Bones rotating **around a joint in a plane of motion that is perpendicular to an axis of rotation

A

Osteokinematic motion

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32
Q

A pivot point for angular motion, usually located where zero motion occurs within the rotating body

A

Axis of rotation

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33
Q

An axis is typically located through the ____ member of a joint

A

An axis is typically located through the convex member of a joint

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34
Q

What is the axis of rotation for the Sagittal plane?

A

Medial-Lateral

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35
Q

What is the axis of rotation for the Frontal plane?

A

Anterior-Posterior

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36
Q

What is the axis of rotation for the Horizontal plane?

A

Vertical

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37
Q
  • Number of independent direction a joint is allowed to move
  • Considers translational & angular movements
  • 3 cardinal planes of motion
A

Degrees of freedom

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38
Q
  • Passive translation of a joint due to the normal laxity within a joint
  • “Joint play”
A

Accessory Motion

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39
Q

Movement at a joint can be:

  • ____ segment rotating about a fixed ____ segment
  • ____ segment rotating about a fixated ____ segment
A
  • Proximal segment rotating about a fixed distal segment
  • **Distal ** segment rotating about a fixated proximal segment
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40
Q

Combination of several successively arranged joints constituting a complex motor unit

A

Kinematic chain

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41
Q

Open Kinematic Chain

  • Movement of one joint is ____ of the other joints in the chain
  • Distal segment of the kinematic chain is ____ fixed & ____ to move
A
  • Movement of one joint is independent of the other joints in the chain
  • Distal segment of the kinematic chain is not fixed & able to move
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42
Q

Closed Kinematic Chain

  • Movement of one joint ____ the others in chain to move in a predictable manner
  • Distal segment of the kinematic chain is ____ & ____ ____ to move
A
  • Movement of one joint causes the others in chain to move in a predictable manner
  • Distal segment of the kinematic chain is fixed & not able to move
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43
Q

Movement of the joint surfaces relative to one another

A

Arthrokinematics

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44
Q
  • Improves congruency (fit)
  • Increases surface area (dissipates contact forces)
  • Guides motion between bones
A

Concave-Convex Relationship

45
Q

Multiple points along one rotating articular surface contact multiple points on another articular surface

Example: A tire rotating across a stretch of pavement

A

Roll (rock)

46
Q

A single point on one articular surface contacts multiple points on another articular surface

Example: A non-rotating tire skidding across a stretch of icy pavement

A

Slide (glide)

47
Q

A single point on one articular surface rotates on a single point on another articular surface

Example: A toy top rotating on one spot on the floor

A

Spin

48
Q

A separation of 2 joint surfaces

Example: Placing your hands together & pulling them apart

A

Traction

49
Q

A decrease in space between 2 joint surfaces

Example: Pushing your hands together

A

Compression

50
Q
  • Convex member rolls & slides in opposite directions
  • Convex bone is moving
A

Convex-on-Concave

51
Q
  • Concave member rolls & slides in same directions
  • Concave bone is moving
A

Concave-on-Convex

52
Q

The convex or concave member spinning on a singular point on a given articular surface

A

Spin

53
Q

Branch of mechanics that describes the effect (causes) of forces on the body (gravity, toque, etc.)

A

Kinetics

54
Q

The position of a moving object in terms of its acceleration, velocity and other aspects

A

Kinematics

55
Q

Newtons 2nd law (F = ma) is associated with what branch of mechanics

A

Kinetics

56
Q

____ or ____ that can produce, arrest or modify movement

A

Push or pull that can produce, arrest or modify movement

57
Q

Two major classifications of Kinetics

A

Internal & External forces

58
Q

Internal forces are produced from structures located ____ the body

A

Internal forces are produced from structures located within the body

59
Q

External forces are produced by forces acting ____ the body (gravity, physical contact)

A

External forces are produced by forces acting outside the body (gravity, physical contact)

60
Q

Forces (Loads) that move, fixate, or stabilize the body can also ____ & ____ the body

A

Forces (Loads) that move, fixate, or stabilize the body can also deform & injure the body

61
Q

A rotatory force that rotates an object around an axis of rotation in a plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation

A

Torque

62
Q

The perpendicular distance between the axis of rotation of the joint & the force is called a

A

moment arm

63
Q

Product of a force and its momentum arm

A

Torque

64
Q

A simple machine consisting of **a rigid bar that can rotate about an axis **

A

Lever

65
Q

3 basic components of a lever

A
  1. Fulcrum
  2. Resistance arm
  3. Force arm
66
Q

Axis of rotation

A

Fulcrum

67
Q

Perpendicular distance from axis to resistance force

A

Resistance arm

68
Q

Perpendicular distance from axis to applied force

A

Force arm

69
Q

Axis is between the force and resistance

Mechanical Advantage = > or < than 1

A

1st class lever

70
Q

Resistance is between the axis and force

Mechanical Advantage = Greater than (>) 1

A

2nd class lever

71
Q

Force is between the axis and resistance

Mechanical Advantage = Less than (<) 1

A

3rd class lever

72
Q
  • Force-amplifying effectiveness of a simple machine
  • Ratio of output force to input force
A

Mechanical Advantage

73
Q

A time dependent property of non-contractile soft-tissue that initially resists deformation, such as a change in length, of the tissue, but if sustained, allows a change in length of the tissue & then enables the tissue to return gradually to its pre-stretched state after the stretch force has been removed

A

Viscoelasticity

74
Q

Mechanical properties of connective tissue in response to stresses & strains (5)

A
  1. Crimp
  2. Plastic deformation
  3. Force (stress) relaxation
  4. Creep
  5. Stress Response
75
Q

How do you find mechanical advantage?

A

Effort Arm Length (Ea) divided by Load Arm Length (La)

76
Q
  • Anatomical state of collagen where the fibers present wavy in orientation
  • Major factor behind viscoelastic properties
  • 1st line response to stress
  • Primary in ligaments, tendons & joint capsules
A

Crimp

77
Q

Occurs when a tissue remains deformed & does not recover its prestress

  • Microfailure has ensued
  • Collagen fibers are capable of a 3% increase in length before microscopic failure
A

Plastic Deformation

78
Q

Indicates the decrease in the amount of force needed to maintain a tissue at a set amount of displacement or deformation over time

A

Force (stress) - relaxation

79
Q

The ability of a tissue to deform over time while a constant load is imposed

A

Creep Response

80
Q
  • Exercises may be used to change the physical properties of both muscles/tendons and ligaments
  • Both are capable of adaptation to external loads by increasing in strength
A

Stress response

81
Q

Cyclic Loading & Connective Tissue Fatigue

Repetitive loading of tissues ____ heat production & may cause failure below the ____ ____

A

Repetitive loading of tissues increases heat production & may cause failure below the yield point

82
Q
  • Between the 2nd & 7th ribs
  • The medial border is about 6cm lateral to the spine
A

Scapular position

83
Q
  • 135° angle of inclination between shaft & head
  • 30° retroverted relative to the distal humerus
A

Humeral head orientation

84
Q

Osteological relationship - directed anterolateral in the scapular plane & slightly rotated

A

Glenoid fossa

85
Q

Osteological relationship - directed superomedial & retroverted (tilted posterior/back)

A

Humeral head

86
Q

What is the functional significance of the scapular & humeral orientation?

A

Promoting function & stability

87
Q

Scapulohumeral Rhythm

A

2:1
* 120° of GHJ abduction
* 60° of scapulothoracic upward rotation

88
Q

Upward rotation of the scapula during full shoulder abduction is the result of…

A
  • elevation at the SCJ
  • upward rotation at the ACJ
89
Q

During shoulder abduction the…

A
  • clavical retracts at the SCJ
  • scapula posteriorly tilts & ER
  • clavical posteriorly rotates around its own axis
  • glenohumeral joint ER
90
Q

On average, women have a ____ carrying angle than men (~2°)

A

On average, women have a greater carrying angle than men (~2°)

91
Q
  • Natural frontal plane angle made during extension of the elbow
  • Normally: 13° (+/-6°)
A

Normal cubitus valgus

92
Q

Carrying angle of (greater) >20-25°

A

Excessive Cubitus Valgus

93
Q
  • Carrying angle (less) <5°
  • Forearm deviated toward the midline
  • “Gunstock deformity”
A

Cubitus Varus

94
Q

The anterior trochlear groove determines the ____ that the humerus moves in ____ ____

A

The anterior trochlear groove determines the position that the humerus moves in full flexion

95
Q

relative lengths of the distal surfaces of the radius and ulna

A

increased ulnar variance

96
Q

the ulna is abnormally shortened compared to the radius

A

decreased ulnar variance

97
Q

increased ulnar variance is a result of

A

active pronation

98
Q

decreased ulnar variance is a result of

A

active supination

99
Q

range of motion (functional arc) at the elbow typically needed to perform daily activities

A

30°-130° of flexion

100
Q

A healthy person averages between ____° beyond neutral extension through ____° of flexion of the elbow

A

A healthy person averages between 5° beyong neutral extension through 145° of flexion

101
Q

A healthy person generally allows 0 to 85° of ____ and 0 to 75° of ____ of the forearm

A

A healthy person generally allows 0 to 85° of supination and 0 to 75° of pronation of the forearm

102
Q

The 100° functional arc of the forearm

A

0° neutral position thumb pointing straight up

103
Q

Primary sources of carpal instability

A
  • joint laxity
  • rupture of specific ligaments
104
Q

static carpal instability is demonstrated at

A

static carpal instability is demonstrated at rest

105
Q

dynamic carpal instability is demonstrated only during…

A

free or resisted movement

106
Q

ulnar deviation of fingers in rheumatoid arthritis

A

“zigzag” deformity

107
Q

form of carpal instability

dorsal tilt of lunate

dorsal - top of hand

A

dorsal intercalated segment instability

108
Q

form of carpal instability

volar tilt of lunate

volar - palm of hand

A

volar intercalated segment instability

109
Q

form of capal instability

small bones of the wrist shift out of position

A

ulnar translocation of the carpus

Functional Anatomy (17 decks)

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