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Functional Anatomy > Exam #1 - Muscle & Supporting Structures > Flashcards

Exam #1 - Muscle & Supporting Structures Flashcards

1
Q

Only muscles can adapt to both immediate (acute) & repeated long- term (chronic) external forces that can destabilizes the body

  • It is coupled to both the external environment & the internal control mechanisms of the nervous system
A

Skeletal muscle

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2
Q

Non-contractile elements of muscle

A

Connective tissue “harness” of muscle

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3
Q

The innermost layer that seperate individual muscle fibers & myofibrils

A

Endomysium

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4
Q

Encases fiber bundles

A

Perimysium

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5
Q

Enveloping fascial sheath around the entire muscle

A

Epimysium

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6
Q

The connective tissue framework is the ____ source of muscle’s resistance to ____ elongation

A

The connective tissue framework is the primary source of muscle’s resistance to passive elongation

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7
Q

What influences a muscles ultimate function?

A

Muscle shape

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8
Q

What muscle fibers run parallel to one another & to the central tendon

A

Fusiform muscle

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9
Q

What muscle fibers approach their central tendon obliquely

A

Pennate muscles

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10
Q
  • Refers to the angle of orientation between the muscle fibers & tendon
  • Produce greater maximal force than fusiform muscles of similar volume
A

Pennation Angle

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11
Q

a muscle produces a pulling force while maintaining a
constant length

A

Isometric

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12
Q

a muscle produces a pulling force as it shortens (contracts)

A

Concentric

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13
Q

muscle produces a pulling force as it is being elongated by another more dominant force

A

Eccentric

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14
Q

muscle or muscle group most directly involved in the initiation & execution of movement

A

Agonist

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15
Q

a muscle that opposes the action of another

A

Antagonist

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16
Q

muscles that work together to create a movement

A

Synergist

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17
Q

2 or more muscles on opposing sides of a joint work together to provide joint stability or create movement

A

Force-Couple

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18
Q

The distance a muscle can shorten after it has been elongated to its maximum

A

Functional Excursion

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19
Q

In some cases, the functional excursion, or range of a muscle, is ____ influenced by the joint or joints it ____

A

In some cases, the functional excursion, or range of a muscle, is **directly **influenced by the joint or joints it crosses

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20
Q
  • A point in the range of motion where a muscle is shortened at each joint it crosses where it can no longer shorten
  • This leads to decreased force production
A

Active Insufficiency

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21
Q
  • A point in the range of motion where a muscle is lengthened at each joint it crosses where it can no longer lengthen
  • Leads to decreased joint range of motion & decreased force production
A

Passive Insufficiency

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22
Q

Sternoclavicular Joint Stabalizer Tissues (5)

A
  1. Ant. SCJ ligament
  2. Post. SCJ ligament
  3. Interclavicular ligament
  4. Costoclavicular ligament
  5. Articular disc
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23
Q

Sternoclavicular joint stabalizer muscles (4)

A
  1. Sternocleidomastoid
  2. Sternothyroid
  3. Sternohyoid
  4. Subclavius muscles
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24
Q

Acromioclavicular joint stabalizer tissues (4)

A
  1. Superior ACJ capsular ligament
  2. Inferior ACJ capsular ligament
  3. Coracoclavicular ligament
  4. Articular disc (if present)
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25
Q

Acromioclavicular joint stabalizer muscles (2)

A
  1. Deltoid
  2. Upper trapezius
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26
Q

Glenohumeral joint stabalizer tissues (4)

A
  1. Joint capsule
  2. Glenohumeral ligament
  3. Coracohumeral ligament
  4. Glenoid labrum (increases depth also)
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27
Q

Glenohumeral joint stabalizer muscles (5)

A
  1. Rotator cuff muscles (subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, & teres minor)
  2. Long head of the biceps brachii
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28
Q

What primary motion draws the superior glenohumeral ligament taut

A

adduction

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29
Q

What primary motion draws the middle glenohumeral ligament taut

A

abduction & external rotation

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30
Q

What primary motion draws the inferior glenohumeral ligament (axillary pouch) taut

A

90° ABD + anterior-posterior translation

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31
Q

What primary motion draws the inferior glenohumeral ligament (anterior band) taut

A

90° ABD + full ER

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32
Q

What primary motion draws the inferior glenohumeral ligament (posterior band) taut

A

90° ABD + full IR

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33
Q

What primary motion draws the coracohumeral ligament taut

A

ADD + ER

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34
Q

The fibrocartilage at articular surface of glenoid labrum is for ____ loading

A

The fibrocartilage at articular surface of glenoid labrum is for compressive loading

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35
Q

The outer rim of glenoid labrum is for ____ loading

A

The outer rim of glenoid labrum is for tensile loading

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36
Q

Coracoacromial arch is formed by

A
  1. Coracoacromial ligament
  2. Acromion process
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37
Q

Contents of the Subacromial Space

A
  1. Supraspinatus muscle & tendon
  2. Subacromial bursa
  3. Long head of the biceps
  4. Part of the superior capsule
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38
Q

What are the 4 causes of decreased subacromial space

A
  1. Hypertrophy
  2. Protraction
  3. Diabolo effect
  4. Architectural change
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39
Q

Origin & Insertion of proximal stabalizers of the shoulder

A

Origin: spine, ribs & cranium
Insertion: scapula & clavicle

40
Q

Origin & Insertion for distal mobilizers of the shoulder

A

Origin: scapula & clavicle
Insertion: humerus or ulna

41
Q

Elevator mm acting on scapulothoracic junction (3)

A
  1. Upper trapezius
  2. Levator scapulae
  3. Rhomboids
42
Q

Upward rotator mm acting on scapulothoracic junction (2)

A
  1. Serratus anterior
  2. Upper & lower trapezius
43
Q

Downward rotator mm acting on scapulothoracic junction (2)

A
  1. Rhomboids
  2. Pectoralis minor
44
Q

Depressor mm acting on scapulothoracic junction (4)

A
  1. Lower trapezius
  2. Latissimus dorsi
  3. Pectoralis minor
  4. Subclavius
45
Q

Retractor mm acting on scapulothoracic junction (3)

A
  1. Middle trapezius
  2. Rhomboids
  3. Lower trapezius
46
Q

Protractor mm acting on scapulothoracic junction (1)

A

Serratus anterior

47
Q

2 joints & 7mm that elevate arm

A

Glenohumeral joint: anterior/middle deltoid, supraspinatus, coracobrachialis, biceps (long head)
Scapulothoracic joint: serratus anterior, trapezius

48
Q

5 primary mm that extend & adduct arm

A
  1. Posterior deltoid
  2. Latissimus dorsi
  3. Teres minor
  4. Triceps brachii (long head)
  5. Pectoralis major (sternocostal head)
49
Q

Primary mm that internally & externally rotate arm

A

Internal rotators: subscapularis, ant deltoid, pectoralis major, latissiumus dorsi, teres major
External rotators: infraspinatus, teres minor, post deltoid

50
Q

Function of infraspinatus, teres minor & subscapularis during elevation

A

exert a depression force on the humeral head

51
Q

Function of infraspinatus & teres minor during elevation

A

externall rotate the humerus

52
Q

Rotator cuff muscles (4)

A
  1. Supraspinatus
  2. Infraspinatus
  3. Teres minor
  4. Subscapularis
53
Q

Function of supraspinatus during elevation

A
  • Compresses humeral head against glenoid
  • Restricts excessive superior humeral translation
54
Q

Strengthens the articular capsule providing stability of the elbow joint

A

Collateral ligaments

55
Q

Motions that increase tension of medial collateral ligament (anterior fibers)

A
  1. valgus
  2. extension & flexion
56
Q

Primary valgus stabalizer of elbow

A

Medial collateral ligament (anterior fibers)

57
Q

Primary varus stabalizer of elbow

A

Lateral (ulnar) collateral ligament

58
Q

External rotation of elbow A.K.A

A

supination

59
Q

Motions that increase tension of medial collateral ligament (posterior fibers)

A
  1. valgus
  2. flexion
60
Q

Motions that increase tension of radial collateral ligament

A
  1. varus
  2. external rotation (supination)
61
Q

Motions that increase tension of lateral (ulnar) collateral ligament

A
  1. Varus
  2. External rotation & flexion
62
Q

Motions that increase tension of annular ligament

A
  1. distraction of radius
  2. external rotation (supination)
63
Q

The tight fit between the trochlea & the trochlear notch provides most of the ____ of the elbow

A

The tight fit between the trochlea & the trochlear notch provides most of the stability of the elbow

64
Q
  • Binds the radius to the ulna
  • Attachment for extrinsic hand mm
  • Transmits forces proximally
A

Function of interosseous membrane

65
Q

When weight is transmitted across interosseous membrane via central band to the ulna it promotes…

A

a sharing of the load to the elbow

66
Q

Load at the radiocarpal joint during compression ____% of load crosses on the radial side & ____% crosses on the ulnar side

A

Load at the radiocarpal joint during compression 80% of load crosses on the radial side & 20% crosses on the ulnar side

67
Q

The radius is held to the ulna via a ____ ring

A

The radius is helf to the unla via a fibro-osseous ring

68
Q

Stability of the DRUJ is achieved via muscle ____ & local ____ ____

A

Stability of the DRUJ is achieved via muscle activation & local connective tissues

69
Q

DRUJ tissue stabalizers (2)

A
  1. Triangular fibrocartliage complex (TFCC)
  2. Distal fibers of interosseous membrane
70
Q

Capsular ligaments of the DRUJ (2)

A
  1. Capsular ligaments of DRUJ
  2. Ulnar collateral ligament
71
Q

DRUJ muscle stabalizers (2)

A
  1. pronator quadratus
  2. tendon of externsor carpi ulnaris
72
Q

2 mm & 1 structure that limits supination

A
  1. pronator teres
  2. pronator quadratus
  3. TFCC
73
Q

2 mm & 1 structure that limits pronation

A
  1. Biceps
  2. Supinator mm
  3. TFCC
74
Q

Flexor mm of Elbow (4)

A
  1. Biceps brachii
  2. Brachialis
  3. Brachioradialis
  4. Pronator teres
75
Q

Extensor mm of Elbow (2)

A
  1. Triceps brachii
  2. Anconeous
76
Q

Primary & secondary pronator mm of elbow (5)

A

Primary pronators: pronator teres, pronator quadratus

Secondary pronators: flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, brachioradialis

77
Q

Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex

  • The ____ stabalizer of DRUJ
  • ____ ulnar side of wrist
  • Forms part of the ____ of radiocarpal joint
  • Helps ____ part of compression forces that naturally cross wirst/hand into forearm (~20%)
A
  • The primary stabalizer of DRUJ
  • Reinforces ulnar side of wrist
  • Forms part of the concavity of radiocarpal joint
  • Helps transfer part of compression forces that naturally cross wirst/hand into forearm (~20%)
78
Q

Extrinsic ligaments of wrist (4)

A
  1. Dorsal radiocarpal
  2. Radial collateral
  3. Palmar radiocarpal
  4. TFCC
79
Q

Connects carpal bones & forearm (stiff, not as elastic)

A

Extrinsic ligaments

80
Q

Capable of greater elongation before permanent deformation (interconnect carpal bones)

A

Intrinsic ligaments

81
Q

Intrinsic ligaments of wrist (3)

A
  1. Short (distal row)
  2. Intermediate lig
  3. Long (“inverted V”)
82
Q

Long (“inverted V”) ligaments (2)

A
  1. Palmar intercarpal
  2. Dorsal intercarpal
83
Q

Carpometacarpal Joint ligaments help to

  • ____ the extent & direction of joint motion
  • ____ joint alignment
  • ____ ____ produced by activated muscle
A
  • Control the extent & direction of joint motion
  • Maintain joint alignment
  • Dissipate forces produced by activated muscle
84
Q

What position is the anterior oblique ligament the most taut

A

Full extension (hitch hiker position)

85
Q

What position is the ulnar collateral ligament the most taut

A

ABD + Ext

86
Q

What position is the first intermetacarpal ligament the most taut

A

Flexion

87
Q

What position is the posterior oblique ligament the most taut

A

Flexion

88
Q

What position is the radial collateral ligament the most taut

A

All movements to varying degrees except extension

89
Q

Primary wrist extensor mm act on the wrist ONLY (3)

A
  1. ECR longus
  2. ECR brevis
  3. ECU
90
Q

Secondary wrist extensor mm act of wrist & hand (4)

A
  1. Extensor digitorum
  2. Extensor indicis
  3. Extensor digiti minimi
  4. Extensor pollicis longus
91
Q

Primary wrist flexor mm act on wrist only (3)

A
  1. FCR
  2. FCU
  3. Palmaris longus
92
Q

Secondary wrist flexor mm act on wrist & hand (5)

A
  1. Flexor digitorum profundus
  2. Flexor digitorum superficialis
  3. Flexor pollicis longus
  4. Abductor pollicis longus
  5. Extensor pollicis brevis
93
Q

Main function of wrist extensors is to ____ & ____ wrist during active flexion of fingers (making a fist)

A

Main function of wrist extensors is to position & stabalize wrist during active flexion of fingers

94
Q

When making a fist this position optimizes ____-____ relationship of ____ finger flexors = maximal grip strength

A

When making a fist this position optimizes length-tension relationship of extrinsic finger flexors = maximal grip strength

95
Q

7 mm responsible for Radial Deviation

A
  1. ECR longus
  2. ECR brevis
  3. Extensor pollicis longus
  4. Extensor pollicis brevis
  5. FCR
  6. Abductor pollicis longus
  7. Flexor pollicis
96
Q

5 mm responsible for Ulnar Deviation

A
  1. ECU
  2. FCU
  3. Flexor digitorum profundus
  4. Flexor digitorum superficialis
  5. Extensor digitorum

Functional Anatomy (17 decks)

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