exam 3 - lecture 16 vertebral column

Question 1

What are the five groups of vertebrae and numbers of each vertebral column ?

Answer 1

Cervical - 7

Thoracic - 12

Lumbar - 5

Sacral - 5

Coccygeal - 3-4

Question 2

What is the arterial supply and the venous drainage of the spinal cord and their relationship to the vertebral column?

Answer 2

Cervical Region: Vertebral and cervical arteries

Thoraric region: Posterior Intercostal arteries

Lumber region region : subcostal and lumbar arteries

Sacral region: illiolumbar arteries, medial and lateral sacral arteries

DIDNT see venous drainage?

Question 3

What are the difference between primary and secodary curvatures of vertebral column and what are the abnormal aspects of these curvatures?

Answer 3

• Primary
  
  • present at birth
  • convex posteriorly
  • examplesL
    
    • thoracic
    • sacral
  • Abornormality = kyphosis (exaggeration of thorarcic curvature)
• Secondary
  
  • acquried later
  • concave posteriorly
  • examples
    
    • cervical
    • lumbar
  • Abnormality: lordosis ( exaggeration of lumbar curvature)

Question 4

what is the structure of a typical vertebrae?

Answer 4

• Body = centrium
• Arch
  
  • pediclies
    
    • attach arch to body
  • Laminae
    
    • roof of vertebral canal
  • Lever like processes
    
    • Spinous process
    • transverse Process
• Articular facets
  
  • superior
  • inferior
  • Zygapophyses
• Costal facets
  
  • facts on transverse process
  • demifacets and facets on bodie

Question 5

what is the structure of a cervical vertebrae

Answer 5

• Transverse foraminae
  
  • for vertebral arteries
• oblique articular facets
• C2-C6 spines usually bifid
• C7 = vertebra prominens
• C1 = atlas
• C2 = axis

Question 6

What is the difference between c1 atlas and c2 axis of cervical vertabrae ?

Answer 6

the atlas has an absence of a spinous process. The axis one fits into allow the side to side nod. while the atlas does the up and down nod

Question 7

what is the structure of a thorarcic vertebra?

Answer 7

• Ribs attached
  
  • bicipital ribs
    
    • centrum
    • transverse process
• Centrum is heart shaped
• articular facets more horizontal
• Spinous process longer and narrower

Question 8

What is the difference between the typical and thorarcic vertebra?

Answer 8

• Typical
  
  • two costal demifacets on body
  • Superior
    
    • articulation with head of own rib
  • Inferior
    
    • articulation with head of inferior rib
  • costal facets for tubercle of rib on transverse process for won rib
• Atypical thoracic vertebrae
  
  • 1#
    
    • complete costal demi facet for rib
    • inferior costal demifacet on body for rib 2
  • # 10
    • comple costal facet on pedicel and body
    • may have costal facet on transvers process
  • # 11,12
    • costal facet on each pedicle
    • no costal facets on transverse processes

Question 9

what is the structure of a lumbar vertebra?

Answer 9

• large, bulky centrum
• broad spinous processes
• no rib articulations
• narticular facets are sagittal
• mamillary processes
  
  • back rim of each superior articular process
  • origins for multifidi
    *

Question 10

What are the characteristics of the sacrum?

Answer 10

• Consists of 5 fused vertebrae
• wingle like process of each vertebra
  
  • alae
  • for attachment to illum
• lip of body of first sacral vertebra
  
  • sacral promontory
• Posterior crests
  
  • median crest
    
    • fused with spinous process
  • intermediate crests
    
    • fused articular (zygopophyseal ) process
  • Lateral Crests
    
    • fused transverse processes
  • Sacral hiatus

Question 11

What are the intervertebral disc?

Answer 11

• symphysis
• thicker in cervical and lumbar regons
  
  • greater flexiblity
• Thinner in throaric region
  
  • reduced flexability
• structure
  
  • annulus fibrosus (fibrocartilage)
  • Nucleus Pulposus (avascular)
• It is an intervertebral articulation

Question 12

What is the synovial joint?

Answer 12

• Plane joints
• no joint capsules
• between superior and inferior articulating facets
  
  • direction of motion determined by orientation of facets
• Sacroillac
  
  • part synovial and part fibrous
• costal facets and demifacets

Question 13

How the does the movement of the apopseal joint relate to facet orientation

Answer 13

posterior segment (honestly not 100%)

Question 14

how do anterior longitudinal and postior longitudinal ligments compare?

Answer 14

• Anterior longitudinal
  
  • limits extension
  • reinforces anterior annulus fibers
• Posterior longitudinal
  
  • limits flexion
  • reinforces posterior annulus fibers

Question 15

How does the supra and the inter spinous ligaments compare?

Answer 15

• SUpra spinous
  
  • ligamentum nuchae
• Interspinous
  
  • limits flexion
  • base of one spinous process to next spinous process

Question 16

How does the ligamentum favum and the inter transverse ligaments compare?

Answer 16

• Ligamentum flavum
  
  • limits flexion
  • extends from lamina to lamina
  • forms part of roof of vertebral canal
• Inter-transverse
  
  • mostly in lumbar region

Question 17

What does the xray of a scholosis patient look like? (imagine it i guess)

Answer 17