EXAM 3 - ABdominal Cavity 1

Question 1

What is the coelm?

Answer 1

• A body cavity lined with mesoderm
• EX:
  
  • pericardial cavity
  • pleural cavity
  • Abdominopelvic cavity

Question 2

What membranes are assocaited with the colem?

Answer 2

• Peritoneum
  
  • mesodermal membranes associated with a true coelom
  • serous membrane
    
    • Examples
      
      • Parietal membrane
        
        • lines the walls of coelom
      • visceral Membrane
        
        • Covers the viscera the coelom
• Retroperitoneal
• MEsenteries
  
  • double membranes conencting the parietal and visceral peritoneum
  • may be referred to as ligaments in some instances
  • mesentery proper attaches to small intestine form duodenojejunal flexure to ileocecal junction
    
    • composed of two layers of peritoneum that enclose vessels and enrves to small intestine
  • Other mesenteries
    
    • transverse meso colon and sigmoid mesocolon
  • Functions
    
    • support viscera
    • provide pathways for blood vessels and nerves to reach viscera

Question 3

What does retroperitoneal mean? list examples

Answer 3

• Refers to structures that lie behind the peritoneum
• Ex: kidney

Question 4

What are major functions of the liver?

Answer 4

• Detoxification of blood
• Storage of glycogen
• secretion of bile
• protein synthesis
  
  • blood proteins including clotting factors

Question 5

What is the location of the liver in relaton to abdominal quadrants and regions

Answer 5

• largest visceral organ in body
• Lies mostly in upper right portion of abdominal cavity
  *

Question 6

What are projections of the liver onto the anterior abdominal wall?

Answer 6

• projects….
  
  • superiorly to xipheasternal junction
  • left as far as apex of heart
  • inferiorly to midpoint between exiphoid process and umblicicus
    *

Question 7

What ligments and mesentaeries are associated with the liver?

Answer 7

• Falciform ligament
  
  • runs to umblicus
  • encloses ligamentum teres
  • Projects anteriorly between right and left lobes to posterior side of anterior body wall
• Cornary ligaments
  
  • reflect inferior surface of diaphragm
  • surround bare area
  • Reflected peritoneum on superior surface of liver
• triangular ligaments
  
  • repersent double folds of cornary ligaments
• Ligmentum teres
  
  • embryological remnant of umblicial vein
  • projects inferiorly from falciform ligament
• ligamentum venosum
  
  • embryological remant of ductus venosus
    
    • shunted blood from umblical vein to IVC
• Lesser omentum
  
  • extends from livver to lesser curvature of stomach
  • encloses portal triad
    
    • PORTAL vein
    • Hepatic Artery
    • Biliary Ducts
• *

Question 8

What surfaces and recesses of the river, including the porta hepatis and the structures that pass through this portal

Answer 8

• liver surfaces
  
  • diaphragmatic ( anterior, superior, some inferior)
  • Bare area
  • visceral (posteroinferior)
    
    • Gastric
      
      • contacts stomach
    • Renal
      
      • contacts right kidney/suprarenal glad
    • Duodenal
      
      • contacts duodenum
    • Colic
      
      • contacts right colic flexure
    • fossa for gall bladder
• Liver recesses
  
  • subphrenic recess
    
    • between liver and disphragm
  • heptaorenal recess
    
    • morrison pouch
      
      • b/w liver and right kidney /suprarenal gland
• Portal hepatis
  
  • entry point for portal triad
    
    • hepatic portal vein (posterior)
  • Common (proper) hepatic artery (anterior left)
  • Common hepatic duct (anterior right)
• Porta Hepatis :
  
  • tranverse Fissure separating caudate and quadrate lobes
  • transmits
    
    • right and left hepatic ducts
    • right and left hepatic arteries
    • right and left branches of portal vein
    • autonomic plexus and lymphatics

Question 9

What are the lobes of the liver and the landmarks related to the lobular arrangement of the liver

Answer 9

Lobes

• right = largest
• left
  
  • smaller than right but larger than caudate and quadrate
• Caudate
  
  • posterior to quadrate
  • separated from left lobe by lessor omentum
  • separated from right lobe porta hepatis and IVC
• Quadrate
  
  • anterior to caudate lobe

Question 10

What is the portal system and relate to the hepatic portal system, and describe the origins of the hepatic portal vein?

Answer 10

• A portal system is a venous conenction between two organs other than the hear
  
  • or vein connecting two capillary beds
  • examples
    
    • hepatic , hypophyseal
    • renal (not in mammals)
• Portal hepatis
  
  • entry point for portal triad
    
    • hepatic portal vein (posterior)
    • Common (proper) hepatic artery (anterior left)
    • Common hepatic duct (anterior right)
• Porta Hepatis :
  
  • tranverse Fissure separating caudate and quadrate lobes
  • transmits
    
    • right and left hepatic ducts
    • right and left hepatic arteries
    • right and left branches of portal vein
    • autonomic plexus and lymphatics

Question 11

What is the biliary system, including the ducts associated with this system?

Answer 11

• Gallbladder
  
  • relationship to liver
    
    • lies between quadrate and right love
    • pear shaped organ
      
      • function
        
        • store and concentrate bile
• Common hepatic duct
  
  • from union of right and left hepatic ducts of liver
  • accompanied by portal vein and proper hepatic artery
• Cystic duct
  
  • connect common hepatic duct to gall bladder
  • spiral valve
    
    • keeps duct open
• Common bie duct
  
  • Formed by union of common hepatic duct and cystic duct
  • opens into duodenum with main pancreatic duct

Question 12

What is the location of the stomach in relation to abdominal quadrants?

Answer 12

• Epigastric and left hypochondriac regions
• upper left quadrant
• *

Question 13

What are the major anatomic divisons of the stomach

Answer 13

Regions

• cardiac
  
  • surrounds cardiac orifice where esophagus enters the stomach
  • cardiac notch is located between the sophagus and the fundus of the stomach
• Fundus
  
  • dome shaped superior region above the esophagocardiac line
  • often contains gas
• body
  
  • major part of stomach between fundus and pyloric antrum (angular notch)
• Pylorus
  
  • controls rate of entry of chyme
  • funnel shaped region feeding into duodenum
  • pyloric antrum is the wide portion of the pylorus while the pyloric canal is the narrow portion
  • the pyloric sphincter controls rate of entry of chyme into duodenum

Question 14

What are curvatures of the stomach ?

Answer 14

• Curvatures
  
  • greater
    
    • long convex border of stomach
    • related to greater omentum
    • • Lesser
    • short concave border of stomach
    • related to lesser omentum
• *

Question 15

What is the omental bursa and ligaments/omenta that relate to it

Answer 15

• Ligaments
• Greater omentum
  
  • extends from greater curvature of stomach and folds back to atach to posterior abdominal wall
  • apron like fold that covers transcerse colon and small intestine
  • attachments
    
    • gastrosplenic lig
    • gastrophrenic lig
    • gastriccolic lig
• Lesser omentum
  
  • extends from lesser curvature of stomach to liver
  • attachements
    
    • hepatogastric
    • hepatoduodenal

Question 16

What is Rugae?

Answer 16

• Rugae
  
  • inernal longitudinal ridges that allow expansion of stomach
• Hiatal Hernia
  
  • protusion of stomach through esophageal hiatus in the diaphragm

Question 17

What is the arterial supply to the stomach ?

Answer 17

• arterial
  
  • left gastric artery
    
    • branch of celiac trunk
  • right gastric artery
    
    • branch common hepatic
  • left gastroepiploic (gastroomental) artery:
    
    • from splenic artery
  • Right gastropiploic (gastroomental) artery
    
    • from gastroduodenal
  • short gastric arteries
    
    • from splenic arteries
• Venous drainage is from veins to portal veins

Question 18

What is lympahtic drainage of the stomach?

NOT ON THE LOs

Answer 18

• Lesser curvature drains
  
  • to 10-20 left gastric nodes
• left gastric nodes drain
  
  • to celiac nodes
• Celiac nodes drain to
  
  • intestinal nodes to left lumbar trunk to cisterna chyli
• Greature curvature drains to
  
  • 3-4 pancreaticolineal nodes
• Lower side of stomach drains to
  
  • gastroepiploic nodes
• gastroepiploic nodes drain to
  
  • pyloric nodes
• Pyloric nodes drain to
  
  • hepatic nodes