Exam 3- cognition

Question 1

Cognition and Perceptual Impairments categories

Answer 1

~cognition
~higher order/ executive function
~performance 
~Angoias
~apraxia

Question 2

Cognition and perceptual impairments: cognition categories

Answer 2

~attention deficits

~memory impairments

Question 3

Cognition and perceptual impairments: cognition categories- attention deficits

Answer 3

~Sustained attention
~Selective attention
~Divided attention
~Alternative attention

Question 4

Cognition and perceptual impairments: cognition categories- memory impairments

Answer 4

~immediate recall
~short- term
~long- term

Question 5

Cognition and perceptual impairments: Higher-order/ executive function

Answer 5

~Volition
~Planning
~Purposive action
~Effective performance

Question 6

Volition

Answer 6

Ability to move

Question 7

Planning

Answer 7

Want to do something so you plan your movement

Question 8

Purposive action

Answer 8

When you are able to do an action that has a pursue

Question 9

Cognition and perceptual impairments: Higher-order/ executive function

Answer 9

~Volition
~Planning
~Purposive action
~Effective performance

Question 10

Cognition and perceptual impairments: performance

Answer 10

~body scheme/ body image

~spatial relations impairment

Question 11

Cognition and perceptual impairments: body scheme/ body image

Answer 11

~Unilateral neglect
~Anosonosia
~Somatoagnosia
~Right-left discrimination
~Finger agnosia

Question 12

Cognition and perceptual impairments: spatial relations impairment

Answer 12

~Figure-ground discrimination
~Form discrimination
~Spatial relations
~Position in space
~Topographical disorientation 
~Depth and distance perception
~Vertical disorientation

Question 13

Unilateral neglect

Answer 13

~inability to recognize half of your sensory form ½ your body that is not due to a sensory loss
~Usually left side
~pusher- push towards their affected side/ involved side
~The person will not know/ think about the involved side; the body wants to compensate and will push towards the involved side to try and make a new midline

Question 14

Anosonosia

Answer 14

~No insight or awareness of their injury; their brain does not know that they has had the injury
~Usually resolved in the first few months
~Usually more prominent right CVA

Question 15

Somatoagnosia

Answer 15

~“body agnosia”
~Difficulty with body structure and the relationship with one body part to another; where is my elbow in relationship to my hand

Question 16

Right-left discrimination

Answer 16

~No clue on R/L

~Have to put some other input besides r/l; tapping, colors, etc

Question 17

Finger agnosia

Answer 17

~Cant figure out how to use the fingers in a helpful fashion; any fine motor skill is not easy
~Opposition, tying shoes, buttoning, etc

Question 18

Figure-ground discrimination

Answer 18

~You wont be able to discriminate between lines to find a figure; will just random line and not image
~Cant see where things are because they are all just in the background
~Cant figure out where to grab on a wheelchair

Question 19

Form discrimination

Answer 19

~Small difference are hard for the pt to discriminate/ separate
~If you open up a drawer- there are lots of long skinny object (pencils, pens, tooth brush, etc) but they all look the same to the stroke pt

Question 20

Position in space

Answer 20

~Up, down, in, out, below, above- all a jumbled mess to them
~Get on top of the table? Put you hand on top of your knee? Etc
~They cannot understand what that means

Question 21

Topographical disorientation

Answer 21

~Map- if you want them to gym from their room, they wont remember how they got there (the twists and turns)
~They wont remember how to get to the restroom
~Very common in TBI and stroke; good reason to keep them in therapy

Question 22

Depth and distance perception

Answer 22

~Can be visual
~Do you where glasses? Near or far sighted?
~Stairs- can look like a slide or a wall; pouring into a glass; curves; potholes/ bumps in the ground

Question 23

Vertical disorientation

Answer 23

~Everyone is off by 10-15at first after stroke; not standing straight because they think the world is off tilted
~The world is off to them, so they walk funny/ at an angle
~like you are walking through the crazy house
~Typically gets better; can occur in either type of stroke (right or left)

Question 24

Agnoias

Answer 24

~visual agnosia
~auditory agnosia
~tactile/ asterognosis

Question 25

Visual agnosia

Answer 25

~Has normal eye function/ their eyes work ~They have problems naming the object when they just looking at it ~If they can hold it, they can name it right away ~Just can’t process the visual pathways to say what it is

Question 26

Auditory agnosia

Answer 26

~They can still hear, but is a sound has a similar sound, it sound the same ~Inability to recognize/ decipher the sounds ~Bark and lightening; cell phone and an ambulance going down the street, voices will probably sounds similar ~Typically have other processing issues

Question 27

Tactile/ astereognosis

Answer 27

Cant tell you what it is when it is in your hand without looking at it

Question 28

Apraxias

Answer 28

~ideomotor ~ideational ~constructional ~dressing

Question 29

Ideomotor apraxia

Answer 29

~Breakdown btw concept and performance ~They can do the task but they cannot do the task when asked ~Can brush their teeth without thinking, but if you ask them to do it, they cant ~Can get it form an idea to a motor ~You can sometimes trick them into doing it (if you tell them to stand, they cant, but if you try and get them to get a drink of water, they will easily stand up) ~Also tend to perseverate (motor or verbal)- yes, yes, yes, yes or they keep doing the same action over and over again

Question 30

Ideational apraxia

Answer 30

~A complete failure of the conceptionalization of the task ~Cant even do the task ~Have no idea on how to put the tasks together to walk, stand up, roll over, etc

Question 31

Constructional apraxia

Answer 31

The ability to put parts together to make a whole (in the correct way)

Question 32

Dressing apraxia

Answer 32

~Are you able to dress properly | ~Putting underwear on the outside, etc

Question 33

Non equilibrium tests

Answer 33

Does someone have coordination outside of balance; don’t have to know all these, but should know at least one for UE and LE for exams

Question 34

Non equilibrium tests- list

Answer 34

1) Finger-to-nose 2) Finger-to therapist’s finger 3) Finger-to-finger 4) Alternate nose-to-finger 5) Finger opposition 6) Mass grasp 7) Pronation/supination 8) Rebound test 9) Tapping (hand) 10) Tapping (foot) 11) Pointing and past pointing 12) Alternate heel-to-knee; heel-to-toe 13) Toe to examiner’s finger 14) Heel on shin (common) 15) Drawing a circle 16) Fixation or position holding

Question 35

Equilibrium test

Answer 35

Testing balance- berg’s, etc

Question 36

COM- stands for

Answer 36

Center of mass

Question 37

COM- male vs female

Answer 37

Men COM is around the navel, but females are lower because of hips

Question 38

Cone of stability

Answer 38

~if you take your COM to the limits of the BOSs without falling (leading forwards/ backwards/ side to side) ~After you fall, the person has a very small cone

Question 39

Retropulsion

Answer 39

~after the fall, fight standing up ~will push back so they will move backwards ~rigid extension

Question 40

BOS- stand for

Answer 40

Base of support

Question 41

BOS

Answer 41

~Feet: different when they are shoulder width, staggered, narrow, etc ~can be your butt when sitting- want 90/90/90 (hip, knee, ankles); moving forward and backwards will change BOS bc it changes where the feet are

Question 42

As you get older, your BOS will..

Answer 42

they get more narrow

Question 43

Balance

Answer 43

Maintaining your COM over your BOS

Question 44

Influence COM

Answer 44

``` ~Large boobs ~Larger belly/ pregnancy ~Backpacks ~HALOs ~Amputees ~Injuries on LE- will stand on the uninvolved side ```

Question 45

If you start to fall to try and keep from fall, what are the 3 steps

Answer 45

~Bend at the ankle ~Bend at the hip ~Take a step

Question 46

If pt has fallen...

Answer 46

~You want to work on putting them right to the point of them falling without making them fall ~Don’t let them fall! ~Strengthen muscles and neuro system to work faster ~Will find out where they are weak and work on that part ~You want to perturb them, unstable surfaces, etc ~Want to do a lot of single leg stuff (walking involves single leg stance)

Question 47

Standing with assistive devices- cane

Answer 47

Com is in the center, but if you have a cane, the cane will move the COM towards the cane side

Question 48

Standing with assistive devices- crutches

Answer 48

Crutches are like a double cane (one on each side) people need to be really good with their BOS with the feet are off the ground

Question 49

Standing with assistive devices-walker

Answer 49

~Walkers- make sure that the pt is within the walk’s base ~if the walker is in front of the pt, the COM is way in front of the feet ~Different walkers: Standard walker, rolling walker, posterior walker, hemiplegic walker

Question 50

Standing with assistive devices- roller

Answer 50

Roller- will not let you get within the walking space

Question 51

Standing with assistive devices- cane

Answer 51

COM is normally in the center, but if you have a cane, the cane will move the COM towards the cane side