exam 3 ch.13

Question 1

coenzymes

Answer 1

small organic molecules that are cofactors and combine with inactive enzymes to form active enzymes
function in energy metabolism

Question 2

thiamin

Answer 2

functions: Metabolism of carbohydrates and branched-chain amino acids (Participates in decarboxylation reactions)
food sources: tuna, navy beans, pork chops, ham, orange juice, green peas, rice, torilla
deficiency:
beriberi –>Muscle pain and tenderness, Enlargement of heart (can be dry, wet, or infantile)
wernicke-korsakoff: seen in heavy alcohol uses

Question 3

riboflavin

Answer 3

forms: flavin mononucleotide, flavin adenine dinucleotide
functions: activation of other B-vitamins, antioxidant (synthesis of glutathione reductase)
food sources: mainly milk, also coffee tea breads, eggs
deficiency: ariboflavinosis which affects the mouth skin and red blood cells

Question 4

niacin

Answer 4

forms: nicotinic acid and nicotinamide
functions: oxidation-reduction reactions, required for metabolism
food sources: poultry, meat, fish, enriched bread, mushrooms, and peanuts
deficiency: pellagra (dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia)
pharmacological use: used to increase HDL cholesterol and lower LDL

Question 5

panothenic acid

Answer 5

functions: essential for formation of acetyl CoA
food sources: meat, milk, and vegetables

Question 6

biotin

Answer 6

functions: carboxylation reactions coenzyme for carboxylase, required for metabolism
deficiency: may occur with genetic defect of biotinidase production

Question 7

vitamin b6

Answer 7

forms: pyridoxal, pyridoxine, and pyridoxamine
functions: metabolism (amino acids, folate, release of glucose) synthesis of compounds
food sources: meat, fish, poultry
deficiency: rare (microcytic hypochromic anemia)
pharmacological uses: carpal tunnel syndrome, premenstrual syndrome

Question 8

folate vs folic acid

Answer 8

folic acid is the synthetic form

Question 9

folate

Answer 9

functions: dna synthesis, amino acid metabolism, formation of neurotransmitters
food sources: liver, legumes, leafy green vegetables
deficiency: affects cells that synthesize DNA (short life span), neural tube defects

Question 10

vitamin b12

Answer 10

functions: formation of methionine and metabolism of fatty acids
food sources: foods of animal origin
deficiency: pernicious anemia

Question 11

iodine

Answer 11

functions: normal metabolsim
food sources: saltwater seafood, seaweed, iodized salt, dairy products
deficiency: concern during pregnancy
toxicity: upper level at 1100 results in enlargement of thyroid gland