exam 3 ch 18 Flashcards

1
Q

Plant resins can harden into amber, preserving insects and other biological material

A

amber and freezing:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

extremely dry environments that cause the drying out of organisms

A

Desiccating environments:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Ground that remains frozen for many years

A

Permafrost:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Structures are buried in sediments and dissolved minerals either replace the
original mineral content, or precipitate in and around it

A

permineralization and replacement:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Remains decay after being buried in sediment; Molds consist of unfilled spaces & casts form when new material infiltrates the space, fills it, and hardens into rock.

A

Natural molds and casts:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Record behavior instead of direct anatomical form

A

trace fossils:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

(taphos = burial) The study of the fossilization process

A

Taphonomy:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Factors that contribute to the difference between what was once alive and its representation in
the fossil record

A

Taphonomic bias:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

First confirmed life forms, the prokaryotes (no nucleus), evolve.
-Cyanobacteria (Stromatolites) create enough oxygen to accumulate in the atmosphere

A

Archean Eon 4.0Ga-2.5Ga:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Period in which the Earth & moon were hit more frequently by a higher
number of large asteroids

A

4.1 to 3.8 billion years Late-Heavy Bombardment:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The pull of the moon slows the Earth’s rotation

A

tidal Braking:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Water vapor, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, methane, ammonia, but no free oxygen.
-Sun ~92% of current brightness

A

Eoarchean atmosphere:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

-The atmosphere & likely surface, had more intense ultraviolet radiation as ozone could not form
from an anoxic atmosphere

A

Eoarchean atmosphere:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

may have been the primary fuel production method in Eoarchean

A

Anoxygenic photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Photosynthesis that uses hydrogen sulfide as a reductant (instead
of water) to make sugars and gives elemental sulfur off as waste (instead of oxygen)

A

3.77 Ga Anoxygenic photosynthesis:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

First major continent, composed of cratons from Southern Africa and
Australia

A

3.6 Ga Vaalbara Supercontinent:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

A stable part of a continent that experiences minimal deformation over very long periods.

A

Craton:

18
Q

First Definitive fossils of archaea and
cyanobacteria

A

Paleoarchean (3.6–3.2 Ga)
~3.5 Ga:

19
Q

Layers of compacted sand and microorganisms created by photosynthetic
microorganisms such as cyanobacteria or sulfate-reducing bacteria

A

3.48 Ga Stromatolites:

20
Q

Oldest fossils of methane-producing archaean microbes

A

3.42 Ga fossil threads:

21
Q

Rocks have Sulfur- isotope ratios indicative of microbial sulfate reduction

A

3.48 Ga Sulfides:

22
Q

ATP production that uses sulfate as a terminal
electron acceptor, reducing it to hydrogen sulfide (H2S)

A

3.4 Ga Microbial sulfate reduction:

23
Q

Iron sulfide associated with biology because most is produced by bacteria that extract their oxygen from sulfate and produce hydrogen.

A

Pyrite (FeS₂):

24
Q

Reduces atmospheric N2 to organic NH4.

A

3.2 Ga (minimum) Biological Nitrogen fixation:

25
Q

The key enzyme for biological nitrogen fixation, the only mechanism capable of catalyzing the
reduction of atmospheric N2 into fixed nitrogen known to have evolved

A

3.2 Ga Nitrogenase evolved:

26
Q

Oldest fossils of methane-producing archaean microbes

A

3.42 Ga fossil threads:

27
Q

Cellular respiration in
which the terminal electron acceptor is carbon (CH4)

A

Methanogenesis:

28
Q

Anaerobic archaea that produce methane as a byproduct of their energy
metabolism

A

Methanogens:

29
Q

First evidence of photosynthetic production of O2

A

Mesoarchean (3.2–2.8 Ga):

30
Q

Carbon dioxide and nitrogen dominate, shrinking amounts of methane,
ammonia, with the beginnings of free oxyge

A

Mesoarchean atmosphere:

31
Q

Second supercontinent formed when multiple cratons fused with Vaalbara

A

3.0 – 2.8 Ga Ur Supercontinent:

32
Q

Isotopic composition of rocks confirms O2 was present

A

3.2-2.8Ga Photosynthetic production of O2:

33
Q

Group of bacteria that obtain energy via oxygenic photosynthesis

A

Cyanobacteria

34
Q

suggests oxygenic
photosynthesis may have begun as early as 3.4 Ga

A

Cyanobacteria Phlogenetic anaylysis

35
Q

First truly large supercontinent “Kenorland”, evidence of Eukaryotes.

A

Neoarchean (2.8–2.5 Ga):

36
Q

First truly large supercontinent that spanned from northern to
southern latitudes

A

2.7 – 2.4 Kenorland supercontinent:

37
Q

Ammonia (NH4)from nitrogen fixation is
aerobically (using oxygen) oxidized by nitrifying microbes to nitrite (NO2-) or nitrate (NO3-)

A

2.7 Ga Aerobic Nitrogen metabolism:

38
Q

Strongly negative 15N values in carbonate sediments indicate
the generation of biomass from assimilation of NH4, in mildly-oxygenated aquatic settings

A

2.7 Ga Aerobic Nitrogen metabolism:

39
Q

Large cells engulfed independent mitochondria and became reliant on their
processes

A

Endosymbiosis:

40
Q

DNA is packaged within the nucleus, however mitochondria have their
own circular DNA revealing bacterial ancestry

A

Mitochondrial DNA:

41
Q

Possibly the bacteria most closely related to mitochondria.

A

Iodidimonas:

42
Q

Most phylogenetic analysis puts it as the most closely related bacterium to mitochondria.

A

Rickettsiales bacterium: