exam 2 ch 13

Question 1

The branch of evolutionary biology that studies the diversity of reproductive
strategies

Answer 1

life-history analysis

Question 2

Have a high growth rate but low survivability (“cheap” offspring)

Answer 2

r-selected species

Question 3

Have a low growth rate but high survivability (“expensive” offspring)

Answer 3

K-selected species

Question 4

Changes in life history are caused by changes in the?

Answer 4

allocation of energy

Question 5

Number of gametes produced by an individual

Answer 5

Fecundity

Question 6

selection will favor the number of offspring that results in the most surviving
offspring

Answer 6

Lack’s Hypothesis

Question 7

individual offspring survival decreases with increasing offspring number

Answer 7

Trade-off

Question 8

Energy contained in the offspring themselves

Answer 8

Direct costs

Question 9

Energy expended to produce and carry them

Answer 9

indirect costs

Question 10

1. (a) There is a trade-off between size and number of offspring.
2. (b) Above a minimum size, the probability that any individual offspring will survive is an increasing
   function of its size

Answer 10

Selection on Offspring Size
Assumptions

Question 11

selection on Offspring Size

Answer 11

-Selection on parents favors a compromise
between the quality and quantity of offspring,
-Selection on individual offspring favors
high quality

Question 12

Fertilization of two or more ova from the same cycle by sperm from separate
acts of sexual intercourse

Answer 12

Superfecundation

Question 13

Only one copy of a gene in an individual (from mother or father) is expressed,
while the other copy is suppressed

Answer 13

Genomic imprinting

Question 14

A growth promoting hormone.

Answer 14

Insulin-like growth factor II

Question 15

A receptor that binds IGF-II to promote
lysosome activity

Answer 15

Cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor (CI-MPR)

Question 16

When mates are not monogamous, the life-history strategy that is ___________________________ for the other

Answer 16

optimal for one sex may be
suboptimal

Question 17

Life-history traits have ________________________ than other traits.

Answer 17

lower heritabilities

Question 18

Low heritability means traits are more influenced by?

Answer 18

environmental factors

Question 19

Higher reproductive capacity allowed dinosaurs to?

Answer 19

recover more quickly from population bottlenecks

Question 20

Describes the molecular changes seen in most aging cells

Answer 20

The Hallmarks of Aging

Question 21

There are 2 main models of aging;

Answer 21

1. Damaged-based model
2. Programmatic models

Question 22

1. Damaged-based model

Answer 22

(Damage to DNA and cells accumulates)

Question 23

2. Programmatic models

Answer 23

(Aging is encoded in the DNA)

Question 24

Mammals with higher somatic mutation rates have ______ lifespans

Answer 24

shorter

Question 25

non-sex cells

Answer 25

somatic cells

Question 26

are highly reactive chemicals formed from diatomic oxygen (O2), water, and hydrogen peroxide. Some prominent ROS are hydroperoxide (-OOH), superoxide (O2-), hydroxyl radical (OH.)

Answer 26

Reactive oxygen species (ROS)

Question 27

During DNA replication, at the end of the lagging the final RNA primer is removed leaving a small site that is not replicated by polymerase, meaning that there will be a small amount of DNA lost each time the cell divides.

Answer 27

End replication problem

Question 28

A region of repetitive DNA sequences that protect the ends of chromosomes

Answer 28

Telomeres

Question 29

As cells divide, the telomere ends of chromosomes get shorter

Answer 29

Telomere attrition

Question 30

The limit on cell replication imposed by the shortening of telomeres with each division.

Answer 30

Hayflick limit

Question 31

A reverse transcriptase that adds repeats of a DNA sequence to the ends of chromosomes.

Answer 31

Telomerase

Question 32

There are 2 main models of aging?

Answer 32

1. Damaged-based model 2. Programmatic models

Question 33

-Conserved methylation sites were highly enriched in polycomb repressive complex 2-binding locations, which represses the transcription of diverse developmental genes

Answer 33

Aging Clocks

Question 34

Methylation clocks indicate aging has a predictable?

Answer 34

preset program

Question 35

Age at which RNA expression pattern reverses direction

Answer 35

transcriptome Trajectory Turning Points (TTTP):

Question 36

1. Damaged-based model

Answer 36

(Damage to DNA and cells accumulates)

Question 37

2. Programmatic models

Answer 37

(Aging is encoded in the DNA)

Question 38

Peak at ~age 26 =?

Answer 38

End of brain development = same time as onset of aging phenotypes

Question 39

Adult cells reprogrammed back into an embryonic-like pluripotent state that enables them to become any type of cell.

Answer 39

induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSC’s)

Question 40

The transcription factors (Oct4 (Pou5f1), Sox2, Klf4 and cMyc) that were used to turn adult cells into Pluripotent stem cells

Answer 40

yamanaka Factors