exam 2 ch 12

Question 1

Total phenotypic variation (VP) = ?

Answer 1

genetic Variation (VG) + environmental Variation (VE)

Question 2

Scatterplot that shows statistical significance (P value) versus magnitude of change (fold
change)

Answer 2

volcano plot

Question 3

Proteins that play roles in establishment and function of specific cell–cell connections in
the brain, such as synapse development

Answer 3

protocadherins

Question 4

A neural cadherin-like cell adhesion protein

Answer 4

protocadherin Gamma Subfamily A1 (PCDHGA1)

Question 5

Social genes are most related to?

Answer 5

1. Brain development,
2. Neuron communication
3. Hormone responses.

Question 6

Study of the evolutionary basis for animal behavior due to ecological pressures

Answer 6

behavioral ecology

Question 7

An internally coordinated response to external stimuli

Answer 7

behavior

Question 8

Behavior without a brain?

Answer 8

• Plants have chemical communication through root exudates as well as through fungi.
• Plants respond to touch.
• Microbes can aggregate into clusters called “spores” and move faster to chase bacteria

Question 9

The actor and recipient enjoy increased reproductive success.

Answer 9

Mutually beneficial interaction

Question 10

The actor benefits at the expense of the recipient

Answer 10

Selfish interaction

Question 11

The actor makes a sacrifice on behalf of the recipient.

Answer 11

Altruistic interaction:

Question 12

The actor suffers a loss in order to impose a penalty on the recipient.

Answer 12

Spiteful interaction

Question 13

4 kinds of social interaction

Answer 13

-mutually beneficial interaction
- selfish interaction
- altruistic interaction
- spiteful interaction

Question 14

Several adults cooperatively rear a shared brood to which all have contributed
offspring

Answer 14

communal breeding

Question 15

benefits of cannibalism?

Answer 15

Nutrition and the reduction of future competition

Question 16

Results from reproduction an individual achieves on its own, without help from related individuals

Answer 16

direct fitness

Question 17

Results from additional reproduction by relatives that is made possible by the
individual’s actions

Answer 17

indirect fitness

Question 18

An individual’s total fitness; The sum of its direct and indirect fitness.

Answer 18

inclusive fitness

Question 19

Natural selection leading to the spread of alleles that increase the indirect component of fitness.

Answer 19

kin selection

Question 20

The genetic similarity between individuals

Answer 20

coefficient of relatedness (r)

Question 21

Helping behavior will spread in a population if the benefit to the recipient (shares some alleles) exceeds the costs to the
donor

Answer 21

Hamiltons rule

Question 22

benefit to the recipient arising from help?
cost to the donor from helping?

Answer 22

B =
C =

Question 23

Occurs when an allele causes individuals carrying it to both recognize other carriers, and behave altruistically toward them

Answer 23

greenbeard effect

Question 24

Genotypes that increase in a population due to selection based on similarity of
another genotype

Answer 24

false beard genotypes

Question 25

individuals go without reproducing themselves, and instead assist in
the reproduction of others

Answer 25

cooperative breeding

Question 26

-If Actor helps Recipient 1 reproduce, it contributes to Actor’s inclusive fitness.
-If Actor impedes Recipient 2 from reproducing, it contributes to Actor’s inclusive fitness.

This explains ?

Answer 26

This
explains how spite can evolve.

Question 27

Evolution in which fitness is assigned to groups, and is a function of group composition.

Answer 27

multilevel selection

Question 28

Behavior that is beneficial to the recipient and selected for partly because the recipient benefits

Answer 28

cooperation

Question 29

The appearance of a trend within subsets of a population that is reversed
when the subsets are combined

Answer 29

Simpson’s paradox

Question 30

Expenditure of time and energy on the provision, protection, and care of an
offspring that increases the fitness of an offspring and reduces the fitness the parent can gain by
investing in other (new) offspring

Answer 30

parental investment

Question 31

Young siblings to kill each other while parents look on passively.

Answer 31

Siblicide

Question 32

An exchange of fitness benefits, between two individuals resulting in a net gain for both.

Answer 32

Reciprocity

Question 33

A social system of overlapping generations, cooperative brood care, and specialized
reproductive and nonreproductive castes

Answer 33

eusocial

Question 34

What species uses eusociality so well that it is able to dominate the planet (as far as numbers of
individuals go?

Answer 34

ants