exam 2 ch 12 Flashcards
Total phenotypic variation (VP) = ?
genetic Variation (VG) + environmental Variation (VE)
Scatterplot that shows statistical significance (P value) versus magnitude of change (fold
change)
volcano plot
Proteins that play roles in establishment and function of specific cell–cell connections in
the brain, such as synapse development
protocadherins
A neural cadherin-like cell adhesion protein
protocadherin Gamma Subfamily A1 (PCDHGA1)
Social genes are most related to?
- Brain development,
- Neuron communication
- Hormone responses.
Study of the evolutionary basis for animal behavior due to ecological pressures
behavioral ecology
An internally coordinated response to external stimuli
behavior
Behavior without a brain?
- Plants have chemical communication through root exudates as well as through fungi.
- Plants respond to touch.
- Microbes can aggregate into clusters called “spores” and move faster to chase bacteria
The actor and recipient enjoy increased reproductive success.
Mutually beneficial interaction
The actor benefits at the expense of the recipient
Selfish interaction
The actor makes a sacrifice on behalf of the recipient.
Altruistic interaction:
The actor suffers a loss in order to impose a penalty on the recipient.
Spiteful interaction
4 kinds of social interaction
-mutually beneficial interaction
- selfish interaction
- altruistic interaction
- spiteful interaction
Several adults cooperatively rear a shared brood to which all have contributed
offspring
communal breeding
benefits of cannibalism?
Nutrition and the reduction of future competition
Results from reproduction an individual achieves on its own, without help from related individuals
direct fitness
Results from additional reproduction by relatives that is made possible by the
individual’s actions
indirect fitness
An individual’s total fitness; The sum of its direct and indirect fitness.
inclusive fitness
Natural selection leading to the spread of alleles that increase the indirect component of fitness.
kin selection
The genetic similarity between individuals
coefficient of relatedness (r)
Helping behavior will spread in a population if the benefit to the recipient (shares some alleles) exceeds the costs to the
donor
Hamiltons rule
benefit to the recipient arising from help?
cost to the donor from helping?
B =
C =
Occurs when an allele causes individuals carrying it to both recognize other carriers, and behave altruistically toward them
greenbeard effect
Genotypes that increase in a population due to selection based on similarity of
another genotype
false beard genotypes
individuals go without reproducing themselves, and instead assist in
the reproduction of others
cooperative breeding
-If Actor helps Recipient 1 reproduce, it contributes to Actor’s inclusive fitness.
-If Actor impedes Recipient 2 from reproducing, it contributes to Actor’s inclusive fitness.
This explains ?
This
explains how spite can evolve.
Evolution in which fitness is assigned to groups, and is a function of group composition.
multilevel selection
Behavior that is beneficial to the recipient and selected for partly because the recipient benefits
cooperation
The appearance of a trend within subsets of a population that is reversed
when the subsets are combined
Simpson’s paradox
Expenditure of time and energy on the provision, protection, and care of an
offspring that increases the fitness of an offspring and reduces the fitness the parent can gain by
investing in other (new) offspring
parental investment
Young siblings to kill each other while parents look on passively.
Siblicide
An exchange of fitness benefits, between two individuals resulting in a net gain for both.
Reciprocity
A social system of overlapping generations, cooperative brood care, and specialized
reproductive and nonreproductive castes
eusocial
What species uses eusociality so well that it is able to dominate the planet (as far as numbers of
individuals go?
ants
