exam 2 ch 9 Flashcards

1
Q

The study of continuous phenotypic traits and their underlying mechanisms.

A

Evolutionary quantitative genetics

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2
Q

Traits whose phenotypes occur on a continuum.

A

Continuous variation

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3
Q

starts with alleles for a genetic loci and builds from genotype to phenotype

A

population genetics

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4
Q

starts with the distributions of phenotypic values in a population and then determines the mechanisms like selection that caused these distribution of phenotypes to change overtime

A

quantitative genetics

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5
Q

A trait for which phenotypes fall into discrete categories

A

qualitative traits

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6
Q

A trait for which phenotypes do not fall into discrete categories, but instead show continuous variation among individuals

A

Quantitative traits

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7
Q

A locus at which there is genetic variation, that contributes to the
phenotypic variation in a quantitative trait

A

Quantitative trait loci (QTL)

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8
Q

A collection of techniques that allow researchers to identify chromosomal regions containing loci that contribute to quantitative traits

A

QTL mapping

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9
Q

Alleles fixed by natural selection, would exert small effects on the phenotype

A

option 1 of QTL mapping

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10
Q

Some alleles fixed by natural selection will exhibit large phenotypic effects.

A

option 2 of QTL mapping

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11
Q

a known loci that easily distinguishes between parents (NOT involved in the phenotype you
are examining).

A

marker loci

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12
Q

Sequencing the genomes of many individuals looking for SNP’s that occur
more frequently in individuals with a specific trait (or disease) compared to those without the trait.

A

Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS or GWA)

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13
Q

A genomic variant at a single base position in the DNA.

A

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP’s)

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14
Q

Represents the association’s statistical significance as −log 10 (P-value) in the y-axis against chromosome
coordinates, with each dot representing a SNP

A

Manhatten Plot

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15
Q

Total phenotypic variation (VP) =?

A

genetic Variation (VG) + environmental Variation (VE)

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16
Q

That fraction of the total phenotypic variation in a population that is caused by genetic differences among individuals

A

Broad-sense heritability (H2)

17
Q

Genetic variation (VG) can be broken into 2 parts?

A

Additive genetic variation (VA)
Dominance genetic variation (VD)

18
Q

Variation among individuals due to the additive effects of genes

A

Additive genetic variation (VA)

19
Q

Variation among individuals due to gene dominance

A

Dominance genetic variation (VD)

20
Q

That fraction of the total phenotypic variation in a population that is due
to the additive effects of genes

A

Narrow-sense heritability (h2)

21
Q

The average of the parents

A

midparent value

22
Q

The average of the offspring in a family

A

mid offspring value

23
Q

it tells us that selection acting on the trait will cause a population to evolve

A

heritability is closer to 1

24
Q

it tells us that altering the environment can shift a population’s trait distribution

A

heritability is closer to 0

25
Q

When selective pressures select against the two extremes of a trait

A

Stabilizing Selection

26
Q

A change in allele frequency that occurs when an environmental change favors an extreme phenotype

A

Directional Selection

27
Q

Selection that does not favor the most common variation in a population

A

Disruptive selection

28
Q

predicted response to selection?
heritability (slope)?
selection differential?

A

R =
h2 =
S =

29
Q

The ability of individual genotypes to produce different phenotypes when exposed to different environmental conditions

A

Phenotypic Plasticity

30
Q

interaction of genes with the environment

A

(Vgxe)

31
Q

The pattern of phenotypic plasticity exhibited by a genotype

A

reaction norm