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Evolution > exam 3 ch 14 pt 1 > Flashcards

exam 3 ch 14 pt 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what year was cholera present in the US

A

1800s

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2
Q

how many Americans died form cholera

A

150,000

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3
Q

Nepal Cholera closest to
Haiti strain

A

parsimony informative SNPs

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4
Q

infectious disease that affects an unusually large proportion of the population within a
specific community

A

epidemic

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5
Q

An epidemic of infectious disease that has spread through human populations across a large
region, multiple continents, or even worldwide

A

pandemic

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6
Q

A protein shell enclosing a virus’s genetic material

A

Capsid

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7
Q

Protective coating made of lipids proteins, and carbohydrates

A

Viral Envelope:

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8
Q

spike-like projections on the envelopes surface that help the virus recognize and
attach to host cells.

A

Glycoproteins

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9
Q

Viruses can have (ssDNA) single strandedDNA (dsDNA) doubled strandedDNA, (ssRNA) single stranded RNA (dsRNA) or even double stranded RNA

A

nucleic acids

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10
Q

What are the main components of a virus?

A

capsid
viral envelope
nucleic acids

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11
Q

What kind of nucleic acids can make up a viral genome?

A

ssDNA
daDNA
ssRNA
dsRNA

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12
Q

a contagious enveloped 8 stranded RNA virus which causes respiratory illness that can result in death.

A

influenza

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13
Q

Virus surface proteins

A

Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase

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14
Q

Molecules that can be recognized by the immune system and are capable of triggering an
immune response

A

antigens

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15
Q

Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase are?

A

antigens

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16
Q

When a virus undergoes a gradual change in genetic makeup, but is similar to parent virus

A

antigenic drift

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17
Q

When a virus undergoes a sudden change in genetic makeup, creating a new strain

A

antigenic shift

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18
Q

The influenza genome encodes ?

A

the viral RNA polymerase PB2

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19
Q

1918 pandemic was caused by the ______________of a fully avian virus to a form that could infect humans efficiently

A

antigenic drift

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20
Q

Mutations in the viral RNA polymerase PB2, particularly in what mutation?

A

E627K mutation.

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21
Q

Influenza viruses ________________ caused the Asian Flu pandemic of 1957 & originated from an avian
influenza A virus

A

antigenic shift

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22
Q

first 3 pandemics

A

drift, shift, shift

23
Q

The most recent 2009 H1N1 outbreak was a result of _________________ and reassortment between human,
avian, and swine viruses

A

antigenic shift

24
Q

indicates the progenitor of the 2009 epidemic originated in
pigs & The polymerase genes, plus HA, NP and NS, emerged from a triple-reassortant virus circulating in North American swine.

A

Parsimonious phylogenic reconstruction

25
Q

Enveloped single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) viruses

A

Coronaviruses

26
Q

Lethal coronaviruses have ____________________________ that allow them to bind and penetrate human cells more effectively

A

spike & nucleocapsid proteins

27
Q

The study of the past through the examination of preserved genetic material from the remains of ancient organisms

A

Paleogenetics

28
Q

In human evolution, selection has led to the ________ of gene variants encoding virus-interacting
proteins at ___ the rate observed for other classes of genes

A

fixation, 3X

29
Q

Selection that drives a beneficial variant to substantial frequencies in a population

A

Selective Sweep

30
Q

-Confirmed interactions = green circle
-Mutations lie near regulatory variants in SARS-CoV-2-affected tissues (lungs)

A

Human virus-interacting proteins (VIP) / SARS-CoV-2 interaction analysis

31
Q

kind of graph based method, to infer the timing.

A

Ancestral recombination graph (ARG)

32
Q

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-associated coronavirus

A

(SARS-CoV)

33
Q

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) coronavirus

A

(MERS-CoV)

34
Q

A mild to severe respiratory illness that is caused by SARS-CoV-2

A

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19):

35
Q

A single-stranded RNA coronavirus
transmitted through liquid droplets that evolved from a bat coronavirus

A

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2):

36
Q

SARS-CoV-2 strains mainly vary in ?

A

the RNA polymerase and Spike proteins

37
Q

RNA-dependent RNA polymerase

A

(RNA replicase)

38
Q

Spike protein binds host ?

A

angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor

39
Q

Cleaves the SARS-CoV-2 S2 spike protein which allows viral entry into cells

A

transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) & furin protease

40
Q

An enzyme that cuts other proteins

A

Protease

41
Q

the cleavage of the spike protein determines?

A

viral infectivity and host range

42
Q

a membrane protein that spans the entirety of the cell membrane

A

transmembrane protein

43
Q

SARS-CoV-2 strains mainly vary in the?

A

RNA polymerase and Spike proteins

44
Q

Infection that is constantly maintained at a baseline level in a geographic area

A

endemic

45
Q

what is the closest relative of SARS-CoV-2

A

NRR 4 Sequence from the Rhinolophus bats

46
Q

SARS-CoV-2 likely had a _______________________, where a part of the virus RNA is inserted into a different copy of the virus RNA by the human cell’s enzymes indicating _____________________

A

recombination event
Antigenic Shift

47
Q

SARS-CoV-2 evolution inserted a _______________ into the spike protein

A

furin cleavage site

48
Q

Mutation N501Y, a change from asparagine (N) to tyrosine (Y) in
amino-acid position 501 of the spike protein

A

Alpha variant (B.1.1.7)

48
Q

Alpha variant (B.1.1.7) was estimated to be _________ more transmissible

A

40–80%

48
Q

Has the N501Y mutation, but gained 2 new mutations E484K and K417Nof the spike protein, that are not
found in Alpha variant

A

Beta variant (B.1.1.7):

49
Q

Mutation at position 452, a leucine-to-arginine substitution L452R of the spike protein .
-Created stronger affinity of the spike protein for the ACE2 receptor

A

delta variant (B.1.1.7)

49
Q

also decreases recognition capability of the immune system

A

delta variant

50
Q

Omicron did not evolve from any other variant, but instead diverged on a distinct track, perhaps in 2020

A

Omicron (B.1.1.529):

Evolution (16 decks)

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