exam 3 ch 14 pt 1

Question 1

what year was cholera present in the US

Answer 1

1800s

Question 2

how many Americans died form cholera

Answer 2

150,000

Question 3

Nepal Cholera closest to
Haiti strain

Answer 3

parsimony informative SNPs

Question 4

infectious disease that affects an unusually large proportion of the population within a
specific community

Answer 4

epidemic

Question 5

An epidemic of infectious disease that has spread through human populations across a large
region, multiple continents, or even worldwide

Answer 5

pandemic

Question 6

A protein shell enclosing a virus’s genetic material

Answer 6

Capsid

Question 7

Protective coating made of lipids proteins, and carbohydrates

Answer 7

Viral Envelope:

Question 8

spike-like projections on the envelopes surface that help the virus recognize and
attach to host cells.

Answer 8

Glycoproteins

Question 9

Viruses can have (ssDNA) single strandedDNA (dsDNA) doubled strandedDNA, (ssRNA) single stranded RNA (dsRNA) or even double stranded RNA

Answer 9

nucleic acids

Question 10

What are the main components of a virus?

Answer 10

capsid
viral envelope
nucleic acids

Question 11

What kind of nucleic acids can make up a viral genome?

Answer 11

ssDNA
daDNA
ssRNA
dsRNA

Question 12

a contagious enveloped 8 stranded RNA virus which causes respiratory illness that can result in death.

Answer 12

influenza

Question 13

Virus surface proteins

Answer 13

Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase

Question 14

Molecules that can be recognized by the immune system and are capable of triggering an
immune response

Answer 14

antigens

Question 15

Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase are?

Answer 15

antigens

Question 16

When a virus undergoes a gradual change in genetic makeup, but is similar to parent virus

Answer 16

antigenic drift

Question 17

When a virus undergoes a sudden change in genetic makeup, creating a new strain

Answer 17

antigenic shift

Question 18

The influenza genome encodes ?

Answer 18

the viral RNA polymerase PB2

Question 19

1918 pandemic was caused by the ______________of a fully avian virus to a form that could infect humans efficiently

Answer 19

antigenic drift

Question 20

Mutations in the viral RNA polymerase PB2, particularly in what mutation?

Answer 20

E627K mutation.

Question 21

Influenza viruses ________________ caused the Asian Flu pandemic of 1957 & originated from an avian
influenza A virus

Answer 21

antigenic shift

Question 22

first 3 pandemics

Answer 22

drift, shift, shift

Question 23

The most recent 2009 H1N1 outbreak was a result of _________________ and reassortment between human,
avian, and swine viruses

Answer 23

antigenic shift

Question 24

indicates the progenitor of the 2009 epidemic originated in
pigs & The polymerase genes, plus HA, NP and NS, emerged from a triple-reassortant virus circulating in North American swine.

Answer 24

Parsimonious phylogenic reconstruction

Question 25

Enveloped single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) viruses

Answer 25

Coronaviruses

Question 26

Lethal coronaviruses have ____________________________ that allow them to bind and penetrate human cells more effectively

Answer 26

spike & nucleocapsid proteins

Question 27

The study of the past through the examination of preserved genetic material from the remains of ancient organisms

Answer 27

Paleogenetics

Question 28

In human evolution, selection has led to the ________ of gene variants encoding virus-interacting proteins at ___ the rate observed for other classes of genes

Answer 28

fixation, 3X

Question 29

Selection that drives a beneficial variant to substantial frequencies in a population

Answer 29

Selective Sweep

Question 30

-Confirmed interactions = green circle -Mutations lie near regulatory variants in SARS-CoV-2-affected tissues (lungs)

Answer 30

Human virus-interacting proteins (VIP) / SARS-CoV-2 interaction analysis

Question 31

kind of graph based method, to infer the timing.

Answer 31

Ancestral recombination graph (ARG)

Question 32

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-associated coronavirus

Answer 32

(SARS-CoV)

Question 33

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) coronavirus

Answer 33

(MERS-CoV)

Question 34

A mild to severe respiratory illness that is caused by SARS-CoV-2

Answer 34

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19):

Question 35

A single-stranded RNA coronavirus transmitted through liquid droplets that evolved from a bat coronavirus

Answer 35

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2):

Question 36

SARS-CoV-2 strains mainly vary in ?

Answer 36

the RNA polymerase and Spike proteins

Question 37

RNA-dependent RNA polymerase

Answer 37

(RNA replicase)

Question 38

Spike protein binds host ?

Answer 38

angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor

Question 39

Cleaves the SARS-CoV-2 S2 spike protein which allows viral entry into cells

Answer 39

transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) & furin protease

Question 40

An enzyme that cuts other proteins

Answer 40

Protease

Question 41

the cleavage of the spike protein determines?

Answer 41

viral infectivity and host range

Question 42

a membrane protein that spans the entirety of the cell membrane

Answer 42

transmembrane protein

Question 43

SARS-CoV-2 strains mainly vary in the?

Answer 43

RNA polymerase and Spike proteins

Question 44

Infection that is constantly maintained at a baseline level in a geographic area

Answer 44

endemic

Question 45

what is the closest relative of SARS-CoV-2

Answer 45

NRR 4 Sequence from the Rhinolophus bats

Question 46

SARS-CoV-2 likely had a _______________________, where a part of the virus RNA is inserted into a different copy of the virus RNA by the human cell’s enzymes indicating _____________________

Answer 46

recombination event Antigenic Shift

Question 47

SARS-CoV-2 evolution inserted a _______________ into the spike protein

Answer 47

furin cleavage site

Question 48

Mutation N501Y, a change from asparagine (N) to tyrosine (Y) in amino-acid position 501 of the spike protein

Answer 48

Alpha variant (B.1.1.7)

Question 48

Alpha variant (B.1.1.7) was estimated to be _________ more transmissible

Answer 48

40–80%

Question 48

Has the N501Y mutation, but gained 2 new mutations E484K and K417Nof the spike protein, that are not found in Alpha variant

Answer 48

Beta variant (B.1.1.7):

Question 49

Mutation at position 452, a leucine-to-arginine substitution L452R of the spike protein . -Created stronger affinity of the spike protein for the ACE2 receptor

Answer 49

delta variant (B.1.1.7)

Question 49

also decreases recognition capability of the immune system

Answer 49

delta variant

Question 50

Omicron did not evolve from any other variant, but instead diverged on a distinct track, perhaps in 2020

Answer 50

Omicron (B.1.1.529):