exam 3 ch 14 pt 2 Flashcards
The integrated study of evolution and medicine to improve scientific understanding of the reasons for disease, and actions that can be taken to improve health
evolutionary medicine:
Resistance to many antibiotics.
Multi-resistance:
Resistance to all antibiotics
Pan-resistance:
The transfer of genetic information between members of the same bacterial species
Vertical gene transfer
The transfer of genetic information between members of the different bacterial species
Horizontal gene transfer
An extrachromosomal, circular DNA molecule that replicates independently of the host chromosome
Plasmid
A plasmid that can integrate into and replicate as part of the chromosome
Episome
Temporary fusion of two single-celled organisms for the sexual transfer of genetic
material.
Conjugation
Tube that transfers the DNA from one bacteria to another.
Pilus
Plasmid (circular DNA) in donor bacterial cells that contains “tra” (transfer) genes that code for the proteins to make a pilus
Fertility Factor
A competent bacteria takes up DNA fragments from a dead or degraded donor and
incorporates it into the genome
Transformation
The ability of a cell to bind and internalize transforming extracellular DNA.
competence
Virally mediated bacterial recombination
Transduction
transduction steps
-virues infect bacteria
- new proteins are made
-virus injects bacterial genes into another bacterium
- bacterial dna is integrated into new bacterium
transformation steps
- naturally competent bacteria pulls in the DNA fragments from environment
Order of Gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria that are a normal part of the human and animal gut, but can also cause infections
Enterobacterales
Antibiotics that contain a β-lactam ring in their chemical structure.
β-lactam antibiotics:
Involved in bacterial cell wall biosynthesis by crosslinking peptidoglycan strands
DD-transpeptidase
Bacterial enzymes that break down the β-lactam ring
in 3 different β-lactam antibiotics
Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs)
Enterobacterales that produce beta-lactamase
Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacterales:
A tRNA processing enzyme which cleaves (RNase) the 3′ trailer from pre-tRNA
tRNase Z
One type of β-Lactamases (Metallo-β-Lactamases) were likely evolved from?
tRNase Z
Functional Evidence
Some Metallo-β-Lactamases have Rnase activity similar to tRNase
phylogentic evidence
RNase Z has no β-lactamase activity, but has a conserved amino acid sequence in the catalytic fold and conserved metal-binding motif, as certain Metallo-β-Lactamases.
structural evidence
RNase Zs are structural similar to Metallo-β-Lactamases
phylogenic analysis indicates?
metallo-β-lactamases subclasses
likely evolved before the divergence of the Gram-positive and
Gram-negative eubacteria, about 2 billion years ago
Bacteria resistant to carbapenem β-lactam antibiotics
Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE):
The rise of _______________ of Carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli (CREC) carrying plasmids with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) resistance genes could be attributed to
three important instances of host-switching events
multi-drug resistant strains
_____________________harboring plasmids with Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase resistance genes can be ascribed to three pivotal instances of host-switching between humans, the environment, and animals
Carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli
1975: A zoonotic transmission event of ?
enzyme that hydrolyzes carbapenems occurred.
E.coli Plasmids have since underwent
gene rearrangement
in the last decade, there has been a transition in the prevailing strains to _____________ ST410 and ST167
higher antibiotic-resistant
