exam 3 ch 14 pt 2

Question 1

The integrated study of evolution and medicine to improve scientific understanding of the reasons for disease, and actions that can be taken to improve health

Answer 1

evolutionary medicine:

Question 2

Resistance to many antibiotics.

Answer 2

Multi-resistance:

Question 3

Resistance to all antibiotics

Answer 3

Pan-resistance:

Question 4

The transfer of genetic information between members of the same bacterial species

Answer 4

Vertical gene transfer

Question 5

The transfer of genetic information between members of the different bacterial species

Answer 5

Horizontal gene transfer

Question 6

An extrachromosomal, circular DNA molecule that replicates independently of the host chromosome

Answer 6

Plasmid

Question 7

A plasmid that can integrate into and replicate as part of the chromosome

Answer 7

Episome

Question 8

Temporary fusion of two single-celled organisms for the sexual transfer of genetic
material.

Answer 8

Conjugation

Question 9

Tube that transfers the DNA from one bacteria to another.

Answer 9

Pilus

Question 10

Plasmid (circular DNA) in donor bacterial cells that contains “tra” (transfer) genes that code for the proteins to make a pilus

Answer 10

Fertility Factor

Question 11

A competent bacteria takes up DNA fragments from a dead or degraded donor and
incorporates it into the genome

Answer 11

Transformation

Question 12

The ability of a cell to bind and internalize transforming extracellular DNA.

Answer 12

competence

Question 13

Virally mediated bacterial recombination

Answer 13

Transduction

Question 14

transduction steps

Answer 14

-virues infect bacteria
- new proteins are made
-virus injects bacterial genes into another bacterium
- bacterial dna is integrated into new bacterium

Question 15

transformation steps

Answer 15

• naturally competent bacteria pulls in the DNA fragments from environment

Question 16

Order of Gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria that are a normal part of the human and animal gut, but can also cause infections

Answer 16

Enterobacterales

Question 17

Antibiotics that contain a β-lactam ring in their chemical structure.

Answer 17

β-lactam antibiotics:

Question 18

Involved in bacterial cell wall biosynthesis by crosslinking peptidoglycan strands

Answer 18

DD-transpeptidase

Question 19

Bacterial enzymes that break down the β-lactam ring
in 3 different β-lactam antibiotics

Answer 19

Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs)

Question 20

Enterobacterales that produce beta-lactamase

Answer 20

Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacterales:

Question 21

A tRNA processing enzyme which cleaves (RNase) the 3′ trailer from pre-tRNA

Answer 21

tRNase Z

Question 21

One type of β-Lactamases (Metallo-β-Lactamases) were likely evolved from?

Answer 21

tRNase Z

Question 22

Functional Evidence

Answer 22

Some Metallo-β-Lactamases have Rnase activity similar to tRNase

Question 23

phylogentic evidence

Answer 23

RNase Z has no β-lactamase activity, but has a conserved amino acid sequence in the catalytic fold and conserved metal-binding motif, as certain Metallo-β-Lactamases.

Question 24

structural evidence

Answer 24

RNase Zs are structural similar to Metallo-β-Lactamases

Question 25

phylogenic analysis indicates?

Answer 25

metallo-β-lactamases subclasses
likely evolved before the divergence of the Gram-positive and
Gram-negative eubacteria, about 2 billion years ago

Question 26

Bacteria resistant to carbapenem β-lactam antibiotics

Answer 26

Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE):

Question 27

The rise of _______________ of Carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli (CREC) carrying plasmids with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) resistance genes could be attributed to
three important instances of host-switching events

Answer 27

multi-drug resistant strains

Question 28

_____________________harboring plasmids with Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase resistance genes can be ascribed to three pivotal instances of host-switching between humans, the environment, and animals

Answer 28

Carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli

Question 29

1975: A zoonotic transmission event of ?

Answer 29

enzyme that hydrolyzes carbapenems occurred.

Question 30

E.coli Plasmids have since underwent

Answer 30

gene rearrangement

Question 31

in the last decade, there has been a transition in the prevailing strains to _____________ ST410 and ST167

Answer 31

higher antibiotic-resistant