exam 3 ch 17 slide 1-63

Question 1

Based on Stratigraphy and fossil records & divides the 4.5 billion year history of
life according to major events

Answer 1

Geologic Time Scale

Question 2

Billion years ago

Answer 2

Ga (Giga annum)

Question 3

Million years ago

Answer 3

Ma (Mega annum)

Question 4

Geologic Time Scale:
It is subdivided into:

Answer 4

4 Eons
Eras
Periods
Epochs

Question 5

Longest time division

Answer 5

4 Eons

Question 6

2nd longest time division

Answer 6

Eras

Question 7

Divisions of eras

Answer 7

Periods

Question 8

Smallest geologic time division we will
look at

Answer 8

Epochs

Question 9

~4.5Ga to 538Ma, in which cells, prokaryotes, eukaryotes, and
multicellular life formed

Answer 9

Precambrian Supereon

Question 10

Deals with the natural laws of the Universe that keep it in order; as well as the origin, evolution, structure, and fate of the Universe.

Answer 10

Cosmology

Question 11

universe age determined by

Answer 11

1. The rate of expansion of space.
2. Cosmic Microwave Background from the big bang.
3. Measurements of radioactive decay

Question 12

A measure of the current expansion rate of the universe determined by
comparing distance values to the velocity of the galaxies

Answer 12

The Hubble constant:

Question 13

1. the rate of expansion

Answer 13

The Hubble constant:

Question 14

Epoch during which electrons and protons first bond to form hydrogen atoms

Answer 14

Recombination:

Question 15

2. Cosmic Microwave Background from the big bang

Answer 15

-recombination
-Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB

Question 16

Cooled remnant of the first light that could ever travel
freely throughout the Universe emitted ~380,000 years after the universe formed.

Answer 16

Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB

Question 17

To cool (decrease in density) to 2.7K at the measured expansion rate of
the universe it would take: ____________________ of spreading out = the age of the Universe

Answer 17

~13.8 billion years

Question 18

what is the longest ever redshift observed

Answer 18

~13.8 billion years

Question 19

all Elements heavier than iron are only made naturally in_________
meaning that stars with these elements had to have come from even older stars that exploded

Answer 19

supernovas (exploding stars)

Question 20

3. measurements of super active decay

Answer 20

supernovas

Question 21

After about 100 million years?

Answer 21

the stars

Question 22

After ~290 million years

Answer 22

galaxies

Question 23

(13.5 Ga to today) 200 Billion – 1 Trillion Galaxies form that make up the cosmic web we call?

Answer 23

the UNIVERSE!!

Question 24

Milky Way Galaxy has _____________stars

Answer 24

100-400 BILLION

Question 25

the milky way galaxy is how many miles across?

Answer 25

600 quintillion

Question 26

Gravity formed the Earth from the leftover material orbiting the sun & LIFE likely evolved

Answer 26

Hadean Eon 4.5Ga-4.0Ga:

Question 27

4.45 Ga. A Mars sized body collided with the Earth, ejecting lighter materials
into space, creating the moon and increasing the density of the Earth

Answer 27

Collision with Theia

Question 28

how long did it take for earth to cool down

Answer 28

5 million years

Question 29

the early Hadean atmosphere began with hydrogen, helium, methane, ammonium, and small percentages of water
vapor, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide.

Answer 29

Early Atmospheric Composition

Question 30

hydrogen helium methane and ammonia

Answer 30

early atmospheric composition

Question 31

Volcanic activity around 4.3-4.2 Ga releases SO2 and
dramatically increased the amount of Water vapor and CO2 and increasing atmospheric pressure

Answer 31

Mid-Late Atmospheric Composition:

Question 32

Methane, ammonia, and increasing percentages of water vapor, nitrogen, sulfur dioxide, and carbon dioxide

Answer 32

Mid-Late Atmospheric Composition:

Question 33

contain trace amounts of uranium and thorium and can be used for radiometric dating

Answer 33

Zircon Crystals:

Question 34

Oldest Zircon Crystals from rocks in?

Answer 34

Jack Hills Australia

Question 35

__________________ near Hudson Bay are some of the oldest Hadean rocks on Earth. -Indicate an early form of plate tectonics

Answer 35

4.3 Ga Metamorphic rocks

Question 36

Isotopic fractionation process that separates stable isotopes from each other by their mass during unidirectional processes

Answer 36

Kinetic fractionation:

Question 37

Potentially ___________ preserved in a 4.1-billion-year-old zircon crystal

Answer 37

biogenic carbon

Question 38

Possible fossilized microorganisms from seafloor-hydrothermal vent-related precipitates

Answer 38

3.77-4.28Ga

Question 39

Ammonia + Methane + water + CO2 + SO2 + Hydrogen Cyanide in
atmosphere & rock

Answer 39

Hadean Chemistry:

Question 40

The transition from nonliving elements, to organic components, and then life itself.

Answer 40

Chemical Evolution:

Question 41

In 1952 they added gases together in Hadean proportions, added
electricity to simulate lightning and generated amino acids; the monomers of proteins

Answer 41

The Miller-Urey Experiment

Question 42

In 1966, used water ice to concentrate hydrogen cyanide (HCN) to
form Adenine

Answer 42

The Orgel Experiment:

Question 43

In 2009 Chemists mixed early chemical residues and cycles of adding water, heat

Answer 43

Sutherland Experiment:

Question 44

Inorganic synthesis of RNA

Answer 44

Prebiotic RNA:

Question 45

RNA World Hypothesis: RNA was the first molecule of life.

Answer 45

1. RNA can store information.
2. RNA can catalyze reactions.
3. RNA can generate identical copies of itself (heredity).