exam 3 ch 17 slide 64-89 Flashcards
Demonstrated ribozyme-catalyzed RNA replication of sense and antisense strands followed by subsequent strand-dissociation
2023 - Prebiotic RNA replication:
A ribonucleic acid (RNA) enzyme that catalyzes a chemical reaction
Ribozymes:
2023 - Prebiotic RNA replication steps
slide 64
6 molecules known to be on the Hadean Earth
(methane, ammonia, water, hydrogen cyanide, nitrogen, and hydrogen sulfide)
Eventually, these chain reactions produce the building blocks of ______________________
nucleic acids, lipids, and
proteins.
Membranes were needed to enclose the chemicals of life and
incubate biological complexity
Membrane-first hypothesis:
- Membranes act to contain metabolic reactions (maintain homeostasis).
- Membranes protect the genetic material from the environment.
- Membranes provide a stabilizing surface for reactions to occur.
Membrane-first hypothesis:
A chemical compound possessing both hydrophilic (water-loving, polar) and
lipophilic (fat-loving) properties
Amphiphilic:
Bubble-like structures of water and proteins possibly similar to the first cell
membranes
Microspheres:
All life uses ____ for energy
ATP
2020- Demonstrated the chemistry for ____________synthesis during Hadean.
phosphate
In the presence of hydrogen sulfide and water – both of which were present on
the early Earth – ultraviolet light can oxidize phosphide (from rocks) to phosphate
Phosphate:
Protein complex that synthesizes ATP by moving ions through the membrane.
ATPase:
The cells that gave rise to all modern life on Earth
Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA):
The first organized compounds to carried out life’s processes, such as growth and
replication
Protocells:
Molecules similar in all species
Universal Molecular Homologies:
Posits that the codons coevolved with amino acid biosynthesis
pathways
The coevolution theory:
Selection to minimize the adverse effect of point mutations and
translation errors was the principal factor of the code’s evolution
Error minimization theory:
what year Mapped the evolutionary history of the ribosome (rRNA).
-Identified a region of rRNA common to all life
2015 -
First synthetic cellular organism
SYN 1.0:
- Molecular clocks
- Phylogenetic reconciliation
- Biogeochemical models
LUCA lived ~4.2 Ga (4.09–4.33 Ga):
-Divergence time analysis of calibrated using microbial fossils and isotope records and Bayesian node-dating.
LUCA lived ~4.2 Ga (4.09–4.33 Ga)
LUCA had a genome ?
2.5-3 Mb, ~2,600 proteins
Suggest LUCA was a _______________ that possessed an early immune system
prokaryotic anaerobic acetogen
Microorganism that generates acetate (CH3COO−) as an end product of ATP
production without oxygen
Anaerobic acetogen:
