exam 3 ch 17 slide 64-89

Question 1

Demonstrated ribozyme-catalyzed RNA replication of sense and antisense strands followed by subsequent strand-dissociation

Answer 1

2023 - Prebiotic RNA replication:

Question 2

A ribonucleic acid (RNA) enzyme that catalyzes a chemical reaction

Answer 2

Ribozymes:

Question 3

2023 - Prebiotic RNA replication steps

Answer 3

slide 64

Question 4

6 molecules known to be on the Hadean Earth

Answer 4

(methane, ammonia, water, hydrogen cyanide, nitrogen, and hydrogen sulfide)

Question 5

Eventually, these chain reactions produce the building blocks of ______________________

Answer 5

nucleic acids, lipids, and
proteins.

Question 6

Membranes were needed to enclose the chemicals of life and
incubate biological complexity

Answer 6

Membrane-first hypothesis:

Question 7

1. Membranes act to contain metabolic reactions (maintain homeostasis).
2. Membranes protect the genetic material from the environment.
3. Membranes provide a stabilizing surface for reactions to occur.

Answer 7

Membrane-first hypothesis:

Question 8

A chemical compound possessing both hydrophilic (water-loving, polar) and
lipophilic (fat-loving) properties

Answer 8

Amphiphilic:

Question 8

Bubble-like structures of water and proteins possibly similar to the first cell
membranes

Answer 8

Microspheres:

Question 9

All life uses ____ for energy

Answer 9

ATP

Question 10

2020- Demonstrated the chemistry for ____________synthesis during Hadean.

Answer 10

phosphate

Question 11

In the presence of hydrogen sulfide and water – both of which were present on
the early Earth – ultraviolet light can oxidize phosphide (from rocks) to phosphate

Answer 11

Phosphate:

Question 12

Protein complex that synthesizes ATP by moving ions through the membrane.

Answer 12

ATPase:

Question 13

The cells that gave rise to all modern life on Earth

Answer 13

Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA):

Question 14

The first organized compounds to carried out life’s processes, such as growth and
replication

Answer 14

Protocells:

Question 15

Molecules similar in all species

Answer 15

Universal Molecular Homologies:

Question 15

Posits that the codons coevolved with amino acid biosynthesis
pathways

Answer 15

The coevolution theory:

Question 16

Selection to minimize the adverse effect of point mutations and
translation errors was the principal factor of the code’s evolution

Answer 16

Error minimization theory:

Question 17

what year Mapped the evolutionary history of the ribosome (rRNA).
-Identified a region of rRNA common to all life

Answer 17

2015 -

Question 18

First synthetic cellular organism

Answer 18

SYN 1.0:

Question 19

1. Molecular clocks
2. Phylogenetic reconciliation
3. Biogeochemical models

Answer 19

LUCA lived ~4.2 Ga (4.09–4.33 Ga):

Question 20

-Divergence time analysis of calibrated using microbial fossils and isotope records and Bayesian node-dating.

Answer 20

LUCA lived ~4.2 Ga (4.09–4.33 Ga)

Question 21

LUCA had a genome ?

Answer 21

2.5-3 Mb, ~2,600 proteins

Question 22

Suggest LUCA was a _______________ that possessed an early immune system

Answer 22

prokaryotic anaerobic acetogen

Question 23

Microorganism that generates acetate (CH3COO−) as an end product of ATP
production without oxygen

Answer 23

Anaerobic acetogen: