Exam 3 Antibiotics Flashcards
legal issues associated with cephalosporins
(not including cephapirin) in cattle, swine, chickens, or turkeys; for disease prevention purposes; at unapproved doses, frequencies, durations, or routes; if the drug is not approved for that speces and production class
cephalosporins absorption
well absorbed orally and IM/SQ
cephalosporins metabolism
most are not metabolized; exception: ceftiofur almost completely metabolized to microbiologically active desfuroylceftiofur
cephalosporin elimination
most via kidney as parent drug
volume of distribution can vary with
age
what is the MOA of cephalosporins
inhibits cell wall synthesis
what are the general adverse effects of cephalosporins
allergies
rare bleeding disorders with cefotetan, cefamandole, efoperazone
PO can result in V/D
dont mix with other drugs in a compounded formulation because inactivation may result
some cause seizures
use of group 1, 2, cephalosporins
just gram +
use of group 3 cephalosporins
enterobacteriacea and anaerobes
use of group 4 and 5 cephalosporins
not staph, pseudomonas, or gram - anaerobes
group 6 and 7 cephalosporins
good for respiratory, enterobacteriacea and pseudomonas
1st generation includes
group 1 and 2
group 1
cefazolin, cephapirim
group 2
cephalexin
2nd generation includes
group 3
group 3
cefoxilin
3rd generation
group 4 and 5
group 4
cefotaxime, ceftiofur and cefovecin
group 5
cefpodoxime
4th generation
group 6 and 7
group 7
cefepime
cephalexin adverse effects
allergic rxn, high doses can cause seizures and decreased platelet function
ceftiofur adverse events
allergies, bleeeding problems, bone marrow suppression, thrombocytopenia and anemia, diarrhea in horses
cefovecin adverse events
vomiting and diarrhea in dogs and cats, injection site irritation and transient edema, long half-life at site of injection
carbapenems use
everything
carbapenems general efects and contraindications
allergic rxn rapid infusion in renal comporomised pt may result in neurotoxicity with tremors, nystagmus, and siezures vomiting and nausea IM can be painful use caution in animals prone to seizures dong mix
regulations of carbapenems
NOT ILLEGAL
meropenem adverse effects
SQ injection causes hair loss at the site
metronidazole moa
reduced in anaerobic environment to intermediate that is toxic to cell via alteration of DNA; generation of free nitroradicals interferes with metabolism wihin protozoa and bacteria
general adverse effects and contraindications of metronidazole
CNS toxicity due to inhibition of GABA
high doses cause lethargy, cns depression ataxoa, tremors, seizures, vomiting and weakness
potential mutagen
bitter
caution in cats because it is a benzoic acid derivative tha can be toxic to cats
use cautiously during pregnancy
can potentiate effects of warfarin and cyclosporine via inhibition of drug metabolism
use of metronidazole
good for anaerobes and protozoals
regulation of metronidazole
extra-label use in food animals is prohibited
polymixins, bacitracin MOA
interfere with bacterial cell membrane function; suppress cell wall formation; inhibit protein synthesis
polymixin adverse effects
narow therapeutic index; im injections painful renal injury at high dose or long term allergic rxn doesnt work with pus or detergents
polymixins use
enterobacteriacea
bacitracin use
most gram -
bacitracin adverse effects
nephrotoxicity
hypersensitivity
nitrofurans MOA
urinary antiseptic
therapeutic concentrations reached only in urine
in urine, reduced by bacterial flavoproteins and reactive metabolites inhibit bacterial DNA and RNA
nitrofurans use
UTIs
nitrofurans adverse effects/contraindications
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea,
urine turns rust-yellow brown
pneumonitis and peripheral neuropathy in people
dont give during pregnancy because may cause hemolytic anemia in the newborn
dont give to neonates
nitrofurans regulation
prohibited in FA
rifampin MOA
inhibits bacterial RNA synthesis
very lipid soluble so it can enter cells to concentrate in leukocytes to inhibit intracellular bacteria
complexes with beta subunit of DNA dependent RNA polymerase to inactivate it
rifampin use
limited activity against gram - bacteria because it penetrates gram + cell walls more easily
used in combination with macrolides
general adverse effects and contraindications of rifampin
heaptotoxicity in dogs with high doses elevated liver enzymes urine colored orange may discolor saliva, tears, feces, sclera, mucous membranes unpalatable pancreatitis avoid use in pregnant animals potent inducer of cytochrome P450 inducer of efflux pump (p glycoprotein) which may decrease oral absorption of other drugs
glycopeptides MOA
inhibits cell wall by binding to D-alanyl-D-allanine portion of cell wall precursors
interferes with transglycosylases
also activates bacterial cell wall autolysins
glycopeptidesuses
gram positive
glycopeptides adverse effects
none in animals
regulation of glycopeptides
dont give in food animals-drug of last resort
