Antibiotics 2 Flashcards
macrolides MOA
Inhibit protein synthesis by 50S
macrolides spectrum
notenterobacteria, pseudomonas, occasionaly effective for obligate anaerobes gram negative
macrolides legal
in feed; must be under veterinary feed directive
erythromycin adverse effects/contraindications
diarrhea in large animals hyperthermia in foals vomiting in SA dont give IM solutions IV Do not give to dairy cattle older than 20 months
tilmicosin adverse effects/contraindications
may be cardiotoxic when given in injections
dont give IV to anything
dont give to lactating dairy cattle or goats
tulathromcin adverse effects/contraindications
serious affects not observed injection site reactions are possible high doses can cause myocardial lesions do not use in female dairy cattle over 20 months do not use in veal calves
tylosin
diarrhea skin rxn in pigs fatal to horses dont give PO to rodents or rabbits avoid IV administration dont inject more than 10/mL/IM site dont use in lactating dairy cattle
macrolides are bacterio_____
static
which macrolides are used for Bovine Respiratory complex
tulathromycin, tilmicosin, tylosin
what are sulfonamides MOA
inhibit enzymes involved in folic acid synthesis which is needed for purine synthesis and ultimately nucleic acid synthesis
general adverse effects and contraindications of sulfonamides and potentiated sulfonamide
Type II and III hypersensitivity arthropathy anemia and thrombocytopenia hepatopathy hypothyroidism KCS skin reactions dont give to animals sensitive to sulfas
spectrum of normal sulfonamides
when used alone are not very effective; resistance to these drugs is common
potentiated sulfonamides spectrum
not good for anaerobes or pseudomonas
sulfonamides legal
illegal to use in dairy cattle extralabel; except approved use of sulfadimethoxine, sulfabromomethazine, and sulfathoxypyridizine
absorption of sulfonamides
well absorbed orally
metaolism of sulfonamides
partially metabolized in liver depending on species, trimethoprim rapidly metabolized in ruminants
sulfamethazine MOA
competes with PABA for folic acid synthesis
sulfamethazinemethazine adverse effects and contraindications
use caution in dobermans
extralabel use prohibited in dairy cattle > 20 months
sulfasalazine mechanisms
competes with PABA and releases salicyclic acid to produce an antiinflammatory effect
sulfasalazine adverse effects/contraindications
extalabel use in dairy cattle prohibited >20 months
trimethorpim-sulfamethoxazole : Trimethorpim MOA
inhibits dihydrofolate reductase
sulfamethoxazole MOA
competetive inhibitor of dihyrofolate synthesis
sulfamatheoxazole is metabolized more extensively than
sulfadiazine
trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole adverse effects/contraindications
PO in horses leads to diarrhea and idiosyncratic neurological signs
dogs may be more sensitive because they cant acetylate sulfonamides to metabolites
extralabel use prohibited in lactating dairy cattle
trimethoprim-sulfadiazine moa
both inhibit dihydrofolate synthesis
sulfadizazine concentration
reaches higher concentrations in urine
trimethoprim-sulfadiazone adverse effects/contraindications
leads to diarrhea and idiosyncratic neurological signs
dogs may be more sensitive because they cant acetlate sulfonamides to metabolites
extralabel use prohibited in lactating dairy cows
ormetoprim-sulfadimethoxine; MOA
ometoprim inhibits dihydrofolate reductase; sulfadimethoxine competes with PABA for folic acid synthesis
trimethoprim is a diaminopyrimidine that inhibits
dyhydrofolate reductase
absorption and elimination rate and percent can vary bit
formulation
beta lactams- penicillins moa
works against transpeptidase to inhibit bacterial wall synthesis by binding to penicillin binding protein
what is one of the most frequently reported residue violations
penicillin
absorption of penicillins
Na or K - water soluble
procaine: poorly soluble suspension for IV or IM longer half life to allow absorption from injection site
benzathine: insoluble supsension for prolonged effect always combined with equal part procaine
natural penicillins include
penicillin G
npenicillin G good for
gram - and gram + anaerobic pathogens
aminopenicillins include
ampicillin and amoxicillin
ampicillin contraindication
dont mix with other drugs in vials
aminopenicillins good for
al gram +, respiratory, and gram - anaerobes
penicllinase-resistance penicillins include
oxacillin
methicillin
cloxacillin
oxacillin adverse effects or contraindications
food may inhibit oral absorption; resistant to B lacamase
methicillin contraindication
resistant to B lactamase
Cloxacillinin contraindication
resistant to B lactamase
penicillinase resistance penicillins good for
Gram + aerobes, enterobacteriaceae
antipseduomonal penicillins include
ticarcillin
ticarcillin contraindications/adverse effects
high doses may produce seizures and decreased platelet function; dont combine in same container with aminoglycosides
antipseudomonal penicillins are good for
pseudomonas
AMOXICILLIN CLAVULANIC ACID moa
WORKS AGAINST TRANSPEPTIDASE AND BINDS PENICILLIN BINDING PROTEIN TO INHIBI BACTERIAL WALL SYNTHESIS AND AS A BETA-LACTAMASE INHIBITOR
ampicllin-sulbactam
not as active asclavulanic acid
ticarcilin clavulanate
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