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pharmacology > Antibiotics > Flashcards

Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

antibiotics work by

A

inhibiting a process in the bacterial cell such that the cell cannot function properly or is killed outright

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2
Q

what are the general adverse effects of aminoglycosides

A 
nephrotoxicity
ototoxicity
vestibulotoxicity
neuromuscular blockade
narrow therapeutic index
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3
Q

aminoglycosides are bacterio____

A

cidal

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4
Q

aminoglycosides are used to treat

A

everything but streptococcus or obligate anaerobes

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5
Q

how are aminoglycosides absorbed?

A

poorly absorbed orally; rapidly IM or SQ

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6
Q

aminoglycosides concentrate in

A

inner ear perilymph and renal cortex tubule cells

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7
Q

are aminoglycosides water or lipid soluble

A

relatively water soluble; so doesnt go intracellularly

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8
Q

when are aminoglycosides illegal?

A

illegal if you cause a residue

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9
Q

how are aminoglycosides able to have extended elimination

A

they enter tubular cells in kidney and are released slowly from those cells

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10
Q

amikacin

A

long persistance of residue in renal tissue so dont give to food animals
NM blockade possible with anesthetics

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11
Q

gentamicin

A

only approved use in food animals is oral treatment in pigs for swine dysentery
other food animal use is prohibited
if given to cattle systemically, extended withdrawal times are required
neuromuscular toxicity

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12
Q

neomycin

A

some oral absorption in calves may cause alterations in microflora leading to diarrhea
dont inject
dont give to veal calves

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13
Q

dont use neomycin for more than

A

14 days

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14
Q

aminoglycoside MOA

A

acts on 30S ribosome affecting protein synthesis

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15
Q

when should you give neomycin orally

A

when you would want its effect in the git (poorly absorbed)

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16
Q

what is the MOA of fluoroquinolones

A

inhibit DNA synthesis by inhibiting DNA gyrase

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17
Q

general adverse effects and contraindications of fluoroquinolones

A

CNS toxicity especially with renal failure
Vomiting/nausea and diarrhea
arthropathy in young animals
use caution in animals prone to seizures (only seen in people)

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18
Q

fluoroquinolones are bacterio_____

A

static

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19
Q

fluoroquinolones spectrum

A

good for mycoplasma, and everything but strep and anearobes

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20
Q

fluoroquinolone legal issues

A

illegal to use extralabel in food animals, SR

can use for Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex

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21
Q

metabolism of fluoroquinolones

A

most eliminated via the kidney as parent drug (not enro)

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22
Q

elimination of fluoroquinolones

A

mainly via the urine

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23
Q

ciprofloxacin adverse effects

A

may cause enteritis and colic in horses;

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24
Q

enrofloxacin adverse effects/contraindications

A

retinal degeneration in cats
dont give to young dogs or foals
dont use in lactating dairy cattle or veal calves

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25
Q

is ciprofloxacin registered for use in animals

A

no

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26
Q

absorption of ciprofloxacin

A

10-50% in dogs, 10% in horses

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27
Q

absorption of enrofloxacin

A

70-80%

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28
Q

name the fluoroquinolones

A

cipro, enro, marbo, prado

29
Q

phenicols MOA

A

inhibits protein synthesis by binding 50S Ribosome

30
Q

general adverse effects/contraindications

A

dose dependent bone marrow suppression

non dose-dependent aplastic anemia in humans

31
Q

chloramphenicol use

A

EVERYTHING except the others list (ahhhh the dreaded others list)

32
Q

florfenicol use

A

not good for aerobes, enterobacteriacease, or pseudomonas, (works on gram + aerobes and respiratory pathogens)

33
Q

chloramphenicol absorption

A

well absorbed orally

34
Q

chloramphenicol metabolism

A

in liver, paritally via glucouronidation

35
Q

chloramphenical is an inhibitor of

A

CYTOCHROME P450!!!!!!!!!!!!!1

36
Q

Florfenical absorption

A

well absorbed orally and IM/SQ; slow absorption in after IM/SC in cattle

37
Q

florfenicol metabolism

A

some in liver

38
Q

florfenicol adverse effects/contraindications

A

dd bm suppression
diarrhea, possibly testicular degeneration
avoid long term administration
not for horses
dong give more than 10 mL at a single site

39
Q

chloramphenical adverse effects/contraindications

A

bm suppression
avoid use in pregnant or neonatal anmals
avoid longterm use in cats
aplastic anemia in humans

40
Q

toxicity differential between patient and infecting organsims can be exploited to

A

reduce adverse effects

41
Q

______ can influence potential uses

A

bioavailability

42
Q

tetracycline MOA

A

inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 30S ribosome

43
Q

general adverse effects/contraindications

A

binds to bone and developing teeth in young animals

high doses cause renal tubular necrosis

44
Q

uses of tetracyclines

A

not good for enterobacteriaceae, pseudomonas, or anaerobes; (good for gram + aerobes, spirochetes, and mycoplasma, and protozoa)

45
Q

tetracycline water or lipid soluble

A

lipid; goes intracellularly

46
Q

tetracycline legal

A

when used in feed ust be under veterinary feed directives
extralabel use of food medications is illegal
voluntary removal of growth promotion from in-feed anitbiotics has been requested by the FDA

47
Q

Distribution of tetracycline

A

concentrates in cells (serum concentrations much lower than tissue concentrations)

48
Q

tetracycline metabolites

A

many are metabolized by non-acive metabolites in liver

49
Q

chlortetracycline adverse effects

A

oral administration may cause diarrhea; avoid use in young animals

50
Q

doxycycline adverse effects/contraindications

A

esophageal irritation, injury or stricture;fatal IVv in horses, PO can cause diarhea; dont administer rapidly IV; only give orally to horses

51
Q

doxycycline is drug of choice for

A

tick borne diseases

52
Q

minocycline adverse effects

A

diarrhea

53
Q

oxytetracycline adverse effects/contraindications

A

drug fever in cats; hepatotoxicity, colic and diarrhea in horses; avoid IM injections larger than 10mL/site in cattle 5mL/site in pigs

54
Q

tetracyclines are bacterio_____

A

bacteriostatic

55
Q

_____ can affect drug movement

A

ionization

56
Q

what are weak acids

A

HA - H + A

57
Q

what are weak bases

A

H + B - HB

58
Q

based on environment predict which way the chemical equilibrium will shift

A

x

59
Q

ionized versions of drugs

A

will not cross membranes and will be trapped in whatever body of fluid they are found in

60
Q

unionized versions

A

will cross membranes and be absorbed

61
Q

mechanisms of lincosamides

A

inhibits protein synthesis by binding 50S ribosome

62
Q

use of lincosamides

A

not good for respiratory pathogens, enterobacteriacease, or pseudomonas

63
Q

lincosamides legal

A

in feed, must be under veterinary feed directive

extralabel use of food medications is illegal

64
Q

clindamycin oral solution

A

associated with esophageal lesions

65
Q

clindamycin side effects/contraindicaions

A

high doses cause vomiting and diarrhea in cats; diarrhea and enteritis in horses and ruminants; not for rodents or rabbits; dong give PO to horses or ruminants because death

66
Q

clindamycin treats

A

gram + pathogens and gram _ anaerobes

67
Q

lincomycin adverse effects/contraindications

A

uncommon; diarrrhea, vomiting and can cause severe or fatal enteritis in ruminants; do not administer PO to rodents, horses, ruminants or rabbits

68
Q

lincomycin works on

A

gram +, gram - anaerobes

pharmacology (11 decks)

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