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pharmacology > anthelminitcs > Flashcards

anthelminitcs Flashcards

1
Q

properties of anthelmintics

A

more toxic to worm than host
taken up by worm in sufficient quantities
inhibit metabolic processes or affect receptors vital to the worm activity

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2
Q

various plants were used as anthelminitcs indcluding

A

male fern, oil of chenopodium, pumpkin seed, tobacco

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3
Q

sodium fluoride

A

toxic to pigs and animals

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4
Q

copper sulfate

A

toxic over time

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5
Q

pheonthiazine and thiabendazole, nicotine sulfate

A

x

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6
Q

the toxic dose was close to the

A

therapeutic dose

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7
Q

_____ in feed are being extensively investigated, some aid in control of worms as well as being nutritionally valuable

A

conjugated tannins

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8
Q

mechanisms of action of anthelmintics

A

interference with energy metabolism

interference with neuromuscular transmission

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9
Q

interference in metabolism includes

A

inhibition of glucose transport
inhibition of glycolysis
membrane depolarizer

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10
Q

interference with neuromuscular transmission includes

A

inhibiting breakdown of excitatory neurotransmitters
mimicking action of excitatory neurotransmitters
hyperpolarization of neurons

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11
Q

albendazole MOA

A

(benzimidazole)glucose transport- B tubulin interferance causes failur of the cytoskeleton of absorptive cells to form

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12
Q

albendazole effects

A

flukes, tapeworms, nematodes, protozoa; used in humans and ruminants

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13
Q

albendazole adverse events/contraindications

A

teratogenic, low levels of toxicity to vertebrates

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14
Q

fenbendazole MOA

A

benzimidazole

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15
Q

fenbendazole effect

A

cestodes, nematodes in cattle and horses

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16
Q

fenbendazole adverse effects/contraindications

A

low levels of toxicity to vertebrates, resistance common in horses; may increase phenobarbital concentrations

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17
Q

oxfendazole MOA

A

benzimidazole

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18
Q

oxfendazole effect on

A

cestodes, nematodes, in cattle and horses

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19
Q

oxfendazole adverse events/contraindications

A

low levels of toxicity to vertebrates, resistance common in horses; not for use in sick or debilated horses or female dairy cattle of breeding age

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20
Q

oxibendazole MOA

A

benzimidazole

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21
Q

oxibendazole effect

A

cestodes, nematodes in horses only (some use in dogs); used when there is some resistance of horses with anthelmintics

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22
Q

oxibendazole adverse events/contraindications

A

low levels of toxicity to vertebrates, resistance common in horses; vomiting and diarrhea in dogs; not for use in dogs with heartworms

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23
Q

febantel MOA

A

(probenzimidazole)

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24
Q

febantel effects

A

nematodes, cestodes in horses and dogs; used in combo with praziquantel

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25
Q

febantel adverse events/contraindications

A

low levels of toxicity to vertebrates, vomiting, diarrhea; not for pregnant animals or those with liver or kidny dysfunction

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26
Q

melarsamine (immiticide) MOA

A

(arsenical) inhibits glycolysis of adult heartworms in dogs

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27
Q

melarsamine effect

A

slowly kills HW in dogs

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28
Q

melarsamine adverse events/contraindications

A

pulmonary thromboembolism, anorexia, injection site rxn, elevated liver enzymes; use cautiously in animals with high heartworm burden; not class 4 dz

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29
Q

epsiprantel MOA

A

(isoquinolone) altered permeability to Ca affects glucose uptake, muscular contraction and integumental disruption

30
Q

epsiprantel effects

A

cestodes in dogs and cats

31
Q

epsiprantel adverse events/contraindications

A

vomiting/anorexia/diarrhea

not for animals younger than 7 weeks

32
Q

praziquantel moa

A

isoquinolone

33
Q

praziquantel effect

A

cestodes and trematodes in dogs, cats, horses, and people

34
Q

praziquantel adverse events/contraindications

A

vomiting/diarrhea/anorexia/ not for cats younger than 6 weeks, or dogs younger than 4 weeks

35
Q

dichlorvos MOA

A

(organophosphate) acetycholinesterase inhibitor causing spastic paralaysis

36
Q

dichlorvos effect

A

intestinal trematode in swine and horses

37
Q

dichlorvos adverse events/contraindications

A

danger of toxicity if administered with other pesticides, overdose signs include SLUD;
not for Pt with HW

38
Q

piperazine MOA

A

(heterocyclic compound) affects muscle membrane chloride channels to hyperpolarize the neuromuscular junction membranes; flaccid paralysis;

39
Q

piperazine adverse effects

A

safe but can cause ataxia, muscle tremors, changes in behavior

40
Q

levamisole MOA

A

(imidothiazole) mimics excitatory neurotransmitters (nicotinic agonists) hyperpolarizes muscles causing spastic paralysis

41
Q

levamisole adverse events/contraindications

A

cholinergic toxicity, vomiting, swelling when injected, immunostimulant in people-may also be converted into CNS stimulants; use caution in animals with high microfilaria

42
Q

pyrantel MOA

A

(tetrahydropyrimidine) mimics excitatory neurotransmitters )nicotinic agonists) hyperpolarizes muscles causing spastic paralysis

43
Q

morantel moa

A

tetrahydopyrimidine

44
Q

levamisole effect

A

only actively feeding nematodes in ruminants and swine

45
Q

pyrantel effect

A

nematodes and tapeworms at high doses in dogs cats, horses, humans, and swine

46
Q

morantel adverse events

A

cross resistance with levamisole

47
Q

morantel use (legal)

A

can be used in dairy cattle without milk withdrawal; 2-4 weeks for meat

48
Q

emodesepside MOA

A

(cyclooctadespeptide); binds to presynaptic receptors cause flaccced paralysis; altered pharyngeal function and worm motility

49
Q

enidesepside effect

A

GI nematodes in cats

50
Q

morantel effects

A

nematodes in ruminants

51
Q

toluene dichlorophene MOA

A

altered permeability to Ca affects glucose uptake, muscular contraction and tegumental disruption

52
Q

toluene dichlorophene adverse events

A

poorly effective; narrow safety margin

53
Q

ivermectin MOA

A

(macrolytic lactones) increased release of inhibitory neurotransmitters lead to flaccid paralysis; affects glutamate gated chloride channels

54
Q

ivermectin effect

A

adult and larval nematodes and arthropods in mammals and birds

55
Q

ivermectin adverse events/contraindications

A

toxicity may occur in breeds with MDR gene mutation; not for animals younger than 6 weeks; drug excreted in milk

56
Q

doramectin MOA

A

macrolytic lactone

57
Q

doramectin effect

A

nematodes and external parasites in cattle and swine; lung worm, scabies, notoedric mange

58
Q

doramectin adverse events

A

WDR mutant breeds susceptible; only approved in cattle; dont use with drugs that inhibit p glycoprotien

59
Q

eprinomectin MOA

A

MACROCYCLIC LACTONE

60
Q

eprinomectin effects

A

nematodes and external parasites in cattle

61
Q

eprinomectin adverse events

A

WDR gene susceptible; blood levels remain high for 140 days

62
Q

milbemycin MOA

A

macrocyclic lactone

63
Q

milbemycin effect

A

hear worms; ginematodes, ascarids in dogs and cats;

64
Q

milbemycin adverse events/contraindications

A

MDR; not for young animals; transmitted in milk; p glycoprotein inhibitors

65
Q

moxidectin MOA

A

macrocyclic lactone

66
Q

moxidectin effect

A

nemotodes and ectoparasites in horse, cattle, sheep, dogs

67
Q

moxidectin adverse events/contraindications

A

can cross bbb in malnourished animals; leghargy; decreased appetate; lesion at injection site; sedation, weakness, bradycardia, dyspnea, seizures, coma

68
Q

selamectin (revolution) MOA

A

macrocyclic lactone

69
Q

selamectin effect

A

hearworm, arthropods, and GI nemotodes (hooks in dogs, hooks and rounds in cats)

70
Q

selamectin adverse events/contraindications

A

mdr mutant breeds; transient alopecia at site of application, nausea, lethargy, salivation, tachypnea, tremors, not for dogs less than 6 weeks and cats less than 8 weeks

pharmacology (11 decks)

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