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Microbiology Lab > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

dormant cells when conditions (temp and nutrient depletion) are unsuitable

A

endospores

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2
Q

what are endospores highly resistant to

A

heat and chemicals

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3
Q

what is endospore resistance due to

A

keratin (outer covering resists staining), dehydrated state, DNA protective proteins

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4
Q

what do endospores have total absence of

A

ATP

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5
Q

these are metabolically active

endospores turn into this when conditions are suitable

A

vegetative cells

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6
Q

method of staining endospores

A

Schaeffer-Fulton

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7
Q

what is the primary stain of Schaeffer Fulton procedure

A

malachite green(forced into spore by steaming)

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8
Q

this is water soluble and has a low affinity for cellular material

A

malachite green

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9
Q

these are responsible for producing the endospore

A

spore mother cells

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10
Q

what are the three possible locations of endospores

A

central, terminal and subterminal

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11
Q

what are the two possible shapes of endospores

A

spherical and elliptical

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12
Q

what is the endospore stain used for

A

to detect presence, shape and location of endospores in bacterial cells

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13
Q

what are two common genra that carry endospores

A

Bacillus and Clostridum

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14
Q

what are the general steps of endospore staining

A

1)heat fix 2)steam with malachite green 3)rinse with DI water 3) counterstain with safrainin

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15
Q

what is the oxidase test designed to identify

A

the presence of cytochrome c oxidase

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16
Q

what converts enzymes back to their oxidized state

A

electron transport chain

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17
Q

what are the two mechanisms of ETC

A

1) transport electrons down chain to terminal electron acceptor
2) generate proton motive force by pumping H

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18
Q

what are unable to donate protons in ETC

A

flavoproteins, iron sulfur proteins, and cytochromes

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19
Q

tetramethyl p phenylenediamine

chemicals that develop color as oxidize

A

cheromogenic reducing agent

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20
Q

what does a dark blue/purple result after 20 sec of oxidase test mean

A

positive result, cytochrome c oxidase is present

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21
Q

what does no color change after 20 sec of oxidase test mean

A

negative result, cytochrome c oxidase is not present

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22
Q

these are natural antimicrobial agents produced by microbes

A

antibiotics

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23
Q

tool for establishing the effectiveness of antimicrobics against pathogenic microbes in clinical labs

A

Kirby-Bauer

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24
Q

what occurs as the drug moves through the agar in Kirby Bauer

A

concentration gradient is formed

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25
Q

forms if organism is susceptible to drug

area around disk where concentration is high enough to strop growth

A

zone of inhibition

26
Q

junction where concentration of antimicrobic has become too low to stop growth

A

minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)

27
Q

does a clear zone mean the bacteria has been killed

A

no

28
Q

drugs that kill the organism

A

bactericidal

29
Q

drugs that stop bacteria from dividing (does NOT kill)

A

baceriostatic

30
Q

zone diameter below which all resistant strains fall

A

resistance breakpoint

31
Q

zone of diameter above which all susceptible strains fall

A

susceptibility breakpoint

32
Q

what is the disk diffusion test a method to measure

A

the effectiveness of antibiotics and other chemotherapeutic agents on pathogenic microbes

33
Q

what is MacConkey agar selective for

A

gram negative organisms

34
Q

what do the indicators of MacConkey do

A

differentiate lactose fermenters from lactose non fermenters

35
Q

what does MacConkey agar contain

A

bile salts, lactose, neutral red, and crystal violet

36
Q

what do the bile salts and crystal violet of MacConkey do

A

inhibit growth of gram positive organisms

37
Q

when is neutral red dye, red and colorless

A

colorless above pH 6.8 and red below

38
Q

what is MacConkey agar used for

A

to differentiate members of Enterobacteriaceae based on the ability to ferment lactose

39
Q

what does poor or no growth on MacConkey agar mean

A

inhibited by CV and or bile salts so gram positive

40
Q

what does good growth on MacConkey agar mean

A

not inhibited by CV and or bile salts so gram negative

41
Q

what does pink/red growth on MacConkey agar mean

A

produces acid from lactose fermentation so coliform

42
Q

what does colorless growth on MacConkey agar mean

A

does NOT ferment lactose so noncoliform

43
Q

what is the oxidation fermentation test designed for

A

to differentiate bacteria on the basis of fermentation or oxidative metabolism of carbohydrates

44
Q

oxidative organisms oxidize

A

carbohydrate to CO2, H2O and energy

45
Q

what is the process of oxidation and fermentation

A

glycolysis-oxidation of pyruvate-citric acid cycle-ETC

46
Q

what is the significance of high sugar to peptone ratio in oxidation fermentation test

A

to reduce possibility that alkaline products from peptone utilization will neutralize weak acids

47
Q

what are the pH results of bromothymol blue dye

A

yellow(6), green (7.1), blue (7.6)

48
Q

what is the oxidation fermentation test medium composed of

A

glucose, lactose, sucrose, maltose, mannitol, or xylose

49
Q

what is the significance of sealing a tube with sterile mineral oil

A

promote anaerobic growth and fermentation

creates environment unsuitable for oxidation

50
Q

why is a tube left unsealed

A

to allow for aerobic growth and oxidation

51
Q

sealed green or blue and unsealed yellow mean

A

oxidation

52
Q

sealed yellow and unsealed yellow

A

oxidation and fermentation or just fermentation

53
Q

slightly yellow at top both sealed and unsealed

A

oxidation and slow fermentation or just slow fermentation

54
Q

green or blue both sealed and unsealed

A

no sugar metbaolism

55
Q

semisolid medium designed to detect bacterial motility

A

motility test agar

56
Q

what is the concentration of motility test agar

A

0.4% to maintain form but allow movement of motile bacteria

57
Q

this is added to make interpretation of motility test easier

A

tetrazolium salt (TTC)

58
Q

what is used as an electron acceptor

A

TTC

59
Q

in its oxidized form TTC is

A

colorless and soluble

60
Q

in its reduced form TTC is

A

red and insoluble

61
Q

what does a positive motility test look like

A

red radiating outward from central stab

62
Q

what is an important differential characteristic of Enterobacteriaceae

A

motility

Microbiology Lab (25 decks)

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