Exam 2 Review Sheet Flashcards
celiac disease (3)
- gluten (protein in wheat) triggers immune response that can DAMAGE SMALL INTESTINE (digestive problem)
- prevents absorption of nutrients from food, STUNTS GROWTH, and delays puberty
- treatment can lead to catch-up growth
What is the cephalocaudal principle? What are its 3 steps?
- head to tail development
- head grows first, then trunk (1st year), then legs (2nd year)
tanner scale
-used to measure progression of a child through puberty
sensation
detection and transmission of sensory information
perception
interpretation/understanding of sensory input
locomotion
the coupling of perception and action carried out by children
presbycusis
problems of aging ear, especially in the loss of sensitivity to high frequency or high pitch sounds
somaesthetic senses
detection thresholds for touch increases and sensitivity is gradually lost from middle childhood to adult
cytomegalovirus (CMT)
-when contracted in utero can cause blindness in babies
centration definition and example
-tendency to focus on a single aspect of a problem
Ex. focus on either the height or width of the glasses on conservation of liquid task
decentration - definition and example
-ability to focus on 2+ dimensions simultaneously
Ex. focus on both heigh and width of glass on conservation of liquid task
cognition
activity of knowing and processing through which knowledge is acquired and problems are solved
zone of proximal development
gap between what one can accomplish alone vs with assistance of more skilled partner
habituation - definition and example
learn not to respond to a repeatedly presented stimulus (get bored)
Ex. dripping faucet
implicit learning
-unintentional, automatic
explicit learning
deliberate, effortful
pure recall
retrieval without cue
problem-solving
using information-processing system to arrive at a decision
private speech
speech for the self that guides thought and behavior
schemas
a set of rules/patterns of thought/action people construct to interpret experience (cognitive structure)
organization of thoughts
4 steps to memory and learning (1, 2, 3, 2)
- Encoding
- getting information into system - Consolidation
- information organized into a form suitable for long-term storage
- event becomes long-lasting memory trace facilitated by sleep - Storage
- holding information (long-term)
- memory fades if not appropriately stored
- constructive, not static - Retrieval
- getting information out of long-term memory
- involves recognition memory, recall memory, and cued recall
endocrine glands
secretes hormones into the bloodstream
pituitary gland (6)
- the “master” gland
- located at base of brain
- directly controlled by hypothalamus
- triggers release of hormones from other glands
- produces the growth hormone
- without it, at risk for cardiac issues and insulin resistance
thyroid gland
affects development and growth of the brain and nevous system
testes (3)
- male gland that produces male hormone, testosterone
- male fetus will not develop testes unless gene on Y chromosome triggered
- testosterone and androgens stimulate growth, production of sex organs, and sexual motivation
ovaries (2)
- female gland that produces female hormones estrogen and progesterone
- “pregnancy hormone”
3 important survival relfexes
- breathing: O2 in, CO2 out
- eye-blink: protection from bright light/foreign objects
- sucking: taking in of nutrients from food
what 3 things does the nervous system consist of?
brain, spinal chord, neural issue
Why is sensation and perception so important? (3)
- heart of human functioning
- everything you do depends on ability to sense/perceive the world
- even birth infants sense their environment/light, sound, odor
What happens to soft bones in the infant?
ossify/hardens and become interconnected
What is ADHD? What is its treatment?
problems with concentration, focus, attention
-ritalin
autobiographical memory involves
episodic memories of personal events
implict memory vs explicit memory (3)
- implicit develops earlier in infancy than explicit
- explicit capacity increases from infancy to adulthood then declines
- implicit memory capacity does not change much across the life span
causes blindness in infants when contracted in utero
cytomegalovirus
adrenal gland
support development of muscle and bones
studied how children “think”
Piaget
who said that group thinking is better than individual thinking
Vygotsky
at what age is a child half the size of a human
5
sleep that is associated with brain maturation
REM sleep
at what age can infants in womb hear sound
3 months
said the age of the children is one of “buzzing blooming and confusion”
Willam James
chuncking
organizational strategy in which a long number is broken into manageable subunits
Piaget’s constructivist approach
- children actively create knowledge by building schemes from experiences and using two inborn intellectual functions called organization and adaptation
- children learn step by step
metacognition
thinking about thinking
smell is also called
olfaction
Piaget’s 5 stages of cognitive development
- (0-2 yo) sensorimotor stage
- manipulates objects to understand the basics of physical reality
- development of language
- object permanence, symbols - (2-7) pre-operations
- perception captured by immediate appearance
- imaginary companions, perceptual salience, egocentrism - (7-12) concrete operations
- realistic understanding of the world
- reason conceptually about concrete objects
- mental actions, conservation, decentration, reversibility, seriations - (12+) formal operations
- abstract/hypothetical/scientific thinking
- flexible thinking
- cognitively fully adult - adult
- many adults do not reach this level
- paradoxes, unconventional, outside the box thinking
