Exam 2 Review Sheet Flashcards

1
Q

celiac disease (3)

A
  • gluten (protein in wheat) triggers immune response that can DAMAGE SMALL INTESTINE (digestive problem)
  • prevents absorption of nutrients from food, STUNTS GROWTH, and delays puberty
  • treatment can lead to catch-up growth
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2
Q

What is the cephalocaudal principle? What are its 3 steps?

A
  • head to tail development

- head grows first, then trunk (1st year), then legs (2nd year)

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3
Q

tanner scale

A

-used to measure progression of a child through puberty

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4
Q

sensation

A

detection and transmission of sensory information

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5
Q

perception

A

interpretation/understanding of sensory input

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6
Q

locomotion

A

the coupling of perception and action carried out by children

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7
Q

presbycusis

A

problems of aging ear, especially in the loss of sensitivity to high frequency or high pitch sounds

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8
Q

somaesthetic senses

A

detection thresholds for touch increases and sensitivity is gradually lost from middle childhood to adult

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9
Q

cytomegalovirus (CMT)

A

-when contracted in utero can cause blindness in babies

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10
Q

centration definition and example

A

-tendency to focus on a single aspect of a problem

Ex. focus on either the height or width of the glasses on conservation of liquid task

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11
Q

decentration - definition and example

A

-ability to focus on 2+ dimensions simultaneously

Ex. focus on both heigh and width of glass on conservation of liquid task

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12
Q

cognition

A

activity of knowing and processing through which knowledge is acquired and problems are solved

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13
Q

zone of proximal development

A

gap between what one can accomplish alone vs with assistance of more skilled partner

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14
Q

habituation - definition and example

A

learn not to respond to a repeatedly presented stimulus (get bored)
Ex. dripping faucet

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15
Q

implicit learning

A

-unintentional, automatic

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16
Q

explicit learning

A

deliberate, effortful

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17
Q

pure recall

A

retrieval without cue

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18
Q

problem-solving

A

using information-processing system to arrive at a decision

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19
Q

private speech

A

speech for the self that guides thought and behavior

20
Q

schemas

A

a set of rules/patterns of thought/action people construct to interpret experience (cognitive structure)

organization of thoughts

21
Q

4 steps to memory and learning (1, 2, 3, 2)

A
  1. Encoding
    - getting information into system
  2. Consolidation
    - information organized into a form suitable for long-term storage
    - event becomes long-lasting memory trace facilitated by sleep
  3. Storage
    - holding information (long-term)
    - memory fades if not appropriately stored
    - constructive, not static
  4. Retrieval
    - getting information out of long-term memory
    - involves recognition memory, recall memory, and cued recall
22
Q

endocrine glands

A

secretes hormones into the bloodstream

23
Q

pituitary gland (6)

A
  • the “master” gland
  • located at base of brain
  • directly controlled by hypothalamus
  • triggers release of hormones from other glands
  • produces the growth hormone
  • without it, at risk for cardiac issues and insulin resistance
24
Q

thyroid gland

A

affects development and growth of the brain and nevous system

25
testes (3)
- male gland that produces male hormone, testosterone - male fetus will not develop testes unless gene on Y chromosome triggered - testosterone and androgens stimulate growth, production of sex organs, and sexual motivation
26
ovaries (2)
- female gland that produces female hormones estrogen and progesterone - "pregnancy hormone"
27
3 important survival relfexes
1. breathing: O2 in, CO2 out 2. eye-blink: protection from bright light/foreign objects 3. sucking: taking in of nutrients from food
28
what 3 things does the nervous system consist of?
brain, spinal chord, neural issue
29
Why is sensation and perception so important? (3)
- heart of human functioning - everything you do depends on ability to sense/perceive the world - even birth infants sense their environment/light, sound, odor
30
What happens to soft bones in the infant?
ossify/hardens and become interconnected
31
What is ADHD? What is its treatment?
problems with concentration, focus, attention | -ritalin
32
autobiographical memory involves
episodic memories of personal events
33
implict memory vs explicit memory (3)
- implicit develops earlier in infancy than explicit - explicit capacity increases from infancy to adulthood then declines - implicit memory capacity does not change much across the life span
34
causes blindness in infants when contracted in utero
cytomegalovirus
35
adrenal gland
support development of muscle and bones
36
studied how children "think"
Piaget
37
who said that group thinking is better than individual thinking
Vygotsky
38
at what age is a child half the size of a human
5
39
sleep that is associated with brain maturation
REM sleep
40
at what age can infants in womb hear sound
 3 months
41
said the age of the children is one of "buzzing blooming and confusion"
Willam James
42
chuncking
organizational strategy in which a long number is broken into manageable subunits
43
Piaget's constructivist approach
- children actively create knowledge by building schemes from experiences and using two inborn intellectual functions called organization and adaptation - children learn step by step
44
metacognition
thinking about thinking
45
smell is also called
olfaction
46
Piaget's 5 stages of cognitive development
1. (0-2 yo) sensorimotor stage - manipulates objects to understand the basics of physical reality - development of language - object permanence, symbols 2. (2-7) pre-operations - perception captured by immediate appearance - imaginary companions, perceptual salience, egocentrism 3. (7-12) concrete operations - realistic understanding of the world - reason conceptually about concrete objects - mental actions, conservation, decentration, reversibility, seriations 4. (12+) formal operations - abstract/hypothetical/scientific thinking - flexible thinking - cognitively fully adult 5. adult - many adults do not reach this level - paradoxes, unconventional, outside the box thinking