Exam 1 Review Sheet Flashcards
ultrasound definition (1) what can it detect (4)
- method of examining physical organs by scanning them with sound waves
- can detect number of fetus in the uterus, their sex, whether they are alive, and genetic defects that produce visual abnormalities
amniocentesis
- a method of extracting amniotic fluid/fetal cells from a pregnant woman
- tested for chromosomal abnormalities and other genetic defects
post-partum depression
- an episode of severe, clinical depression lasting for months in a woman who has just given birth
- vs “baby blues” a milder case in which a mother is tearful and moody in the first few days after birth
- influences mother-child interactions (children less attached)
fetal alcohol syndrome
- a group of symptoms commonly observed in mothers who use alcohol heavily during pregnancy
- includes small head, wide spaced eyes, and mental retardation
lamaze method
- prepared childbirth in which parents attend classes and learn mental exercises and relaxation techniques to ease delivery
- associate childbirth with pleasant feelings
- couples who participate report greater sense of control during delivery and overall higher levels of satisfaction with the birthing process
perinatal environment (5)
- the environment surrounding birth
- includes influences such as drugs given to mother at birth, delivery practices, social environment shortly after birth
- midwives in France & england
- restructuring of delivery rooms
- childbirth: 3 stage process. labor, delivery baby, delivery placenta
3 prenatal stages
-germinal period, embryonic period, fetal period
germinal period (2)
- first 2 weeks of development
- zygote divides to form blastocyst
embryonic period (8)
- 3rd to 8th week
- organogenesis: organs takes shape
- blastocyst layers differentiate
- nutrient and waste exchange within the placenta and umbilical cord
- brain development after 3 or 4 weeks
- arms/leg
- sex differentiation
- outer layer: amnion/watertight membrane attaches to the uterine layer, chorion becomes lining of placenta
fetal period (6)
- 9th week to birth
- significant brain development
- proliferation of neurons
- stem cell development: unspecialized cells
- organ continues to grow and function
- 3rd month: distinguishable sex organs, bones/muscles, movement of limbs
genotype vs phenotype (6)
- genetic endowment an individual inherits
- actual characteristics based on genetics and environment
- gene responsible for production of chemical substances (ex melanin impacts eye color)
- proteins guide formation of neurons, influencing intelligence and personality
- genes influenced by biochemical environment (written in erasable ink)
- a gene is influenced only if it is turned on
informed consent
-ability for participants to consent to research by with full knowledge of the study
confidentiality
- keep confidential of the information collected
- confidential infor may only be exposed with consent of the participant or if required by law
temperament (5)
- set of tendencies concerning emotional reactivity, activity, and sociability
- genes contribute to individual differences
- 40% of variation in adult personality is due to genetics, 5% from shared environment, 55% from nonshared environment
- living in same home does not = similar personality
- different relationships/time/experiences with parents
viability (2)
- age to which can survive out of uterus
- 23 weeks
dependent variable
-behavior to which be affected by manipulating the independent variable
independent variable
-variable manipulated
longitudinal design (2)
- study of the same group/cohort repeatedlly over time/development
- impact of historical events (such as the development of technology), loss of participants, costly, timely all cons of the study
human genome project
- federally funded attempt to map out entire data sequence of all human chromosomes using supercomputers
- focus on 97% of traditionally undefied DNA
- humans share majority of genes with primates
teratogens
- any disease, drug, or environmental agent that can harm prenatal organisms
- ex. thalidomide (tranquilizer used in for AM sickness), tobacco alcohol, cocaine
zygote
-a single cell formed at conception from union of sperm and ovum
theory
-set of concepts/propositions to describe/explain phenomena or facts and repeatedly confirmed via experiments and observations
plasticity
- an openess of brain cells/organism as a whole to +/- enviornmental influence
- capacity to change in response to experience
life span development (3)
- systemic changes and continuities in the individual that occur between conception and death, from womb to tomb
- changes are orderly, patterned, and relatively enduring
- continuties: ways in which we remain the same or continue to reflect our past selves