Exam 1 Review Sheet Flashcards
ultrasound definition (1) what can it detect (4)
- method of examining physical organs by scanning them with sound waves
- can detect number of fetus in the uterus, their sex, whether they are alive, and genetic defects that produce visual abnormalities
amniocentesis
- a method of extracting amniotic fluid/fetal cells from a pregnant woman
- tested for chromosomal abnormalities and other genetic defects
post-partum depression
- an episode of severe, clinical depression lasting for months in a woman who has just given birth
- vs “baby blues” a milder case in which a mother is tearful and moody in the first few days after birth
- influences mother-child interactions (children less attached)
fetal alcohol syndrome
- a group of symptoms commonly observed in mothers who use alcohol heavily during pregnancy
- includes small head, wide spaced eyes, and mental retardation
lamaze method
- prepared childbirth in which parents attend classes and learn mental exercises and relaxation techniques to ease delivery
- associate childbirth with pleasant feelings
- couples who participate report greater sense of control during delivery and overall higher levels of satisfaction with the birthing process
perinatal environment (5)
- the environment surrounding birth
- includes influences such as drugs given to mother at birth, delivery practices, social environment shortly after birth
- midwives in France & england
- restructuring of delivery rooms
- childbirth: 3 stage process. labor, delivery baby, delivery placenta
3 prenatal stages
-germinal period, embryonic period, fetal period
germinal period (2)
- first 2 weeks of development
- zygote divides to form blastocyst
embryonic period (8)
- 3rd to 8th week
- organogenesis: organs takes shape
- blastocyst layers differentiate
- nutrient and waste exchange within the placenta and umbilical cord
- brain development after 3 or 4 weeks
- arms/leg
- sex differentiation
- outer layer: amnion/watertight membrane attaches to the uterine layer, chorion becomes lining of placenta
fetal period (6)
- 9th week to birth
- significant brain development
- proliferation of neurons
- stem cell development: unspecialized cells
- organ continues to grow and function
- 3rd month: distinguishable sex organs, bones/muscles, movement of limbs
genotype vs phenotype (6)
- genetic endowment an individual inherits
- actual characteristics based on genetics and environment
- gene responsible for production of chemical substances (ex melanin impacts eye color)
- proteins guide formation of neurons, influencing intelligence and personality
- genes influenced by biochemical environment (written in erasable ink)
- a gene is influenced only if it is turned on
informed consent
-ability for participants to consent to research by with full knowledge of the study
confidentiality
- keep confidential of the information collected
- confidential infor may only be exposed with consent of the participant or if required by law
temperament (5)
- set of tendencies concerning emotional reactivity, activity, and sociability
- genes contribute to individual differences
- 40% of variation in adult personality is due to genetics, 5% from shared environment, 55% from nonshared environment
- living in same home does not = similar personality
- different relationships/time/experiences with parents
viability (2)
- age to which can survive out of uterus
- 23 weeks
dependent variable
-behavior to which be affected by manipulating the independent variable
independent variable
-variable manipulated
longitudinal design (2)
- study of the same group/cohort repeatedlly over time/development
- impact of historical events (such as the development of technology), loss of participants, costly, timely all cons of the study
human genome project
- federally funded attempt to map out entire data sequence of all human chromosomes using supercomputers
- focus on 97% of traditionally undefied DNA
- humans share majority of genes with primates
teratogens
- any disease, drug, or environmental agent that can harm prenatal organisms
- ex. thalidomide (tranquilizer used in for AM sickness), tobacco alcohol, cocaine
zygote
-a single cell formed at conception from union of sperm and ovum
theory
-set of concepts/propositions to describe/explain phenomena or facts and repeatedly confirmed via experiments and observations
plasticity
- an openess of brain cells/organism as a whole to +/- enviornmental influence
- capacity to change in response to experience
life span development (3)
- systemic changes and continuities in the individual that occur between conception and death, from womb to tomb
- changes are orderly, patterned, and relatively enduring
- continuties: ways in which we remain the same or continue to reflect our past selves
Freud
- humans are driven by irrational, inborn, selfish biological instincts, largely in the unconscious
- 3 stages of personality:
1) id: selfish, immediate gratification; babies
2) ego: rational, learning, problem-solving to satisfy needs; toddlers
3) superego: individuals’ internalized moral standards from the parents; 3-6-year-olds - problems are when the 3 imbalanced
- stages: as babies develop, sex instinct (libido) shifts from one part of the body to another
1) Oral: (birth to 1 yo) mouth as a source of pleasure; trust caregivers to meet their needs
2) Anal: (1-3) toilet training conflicts between a child’s biological urges and society’s demands; learn to be autonomous
3) Phallic: libido centers around genitals; develop initiative by devising and carrying out bold plans but not to impede on others
4) Latent: (6-12) psychic energy invested in schoolwork; must keep up with peers for social and academic skills
5) Genital: (12+) puberty awakens
Watson: classical conditioning
-behaviorism learned by association
-classical conditioning: an originally unassociated stimulus brings about a response by the association of stimuli
Ex. initially sound of the bell brought no response from dogs. But, by giving them food every time the bell rang, the dog associated the ring with food. Now only the ring of the bell can bring salvation, even without the food
Skinner: operant conditioning
- behavior comes from consequences
- repeat behaviors with desirable consequences and cut down behaviors with negative consequences
- positive reinforcement: addition of something positive (father gives into whining by letting kid play Nintendo, increasing behavior in the future)
- negative reinforcement: something undesirable removed (fasten seat belt to escape unpleasant beeping sound, strengthens behavior
- positive punishment: adding unpleasant stimulus (spanking), weakens behavior
- negative punishment: desirable stimulus removed (loose tv privilege), weakens behavior
4 developmental theories
Psychoanalytic/psychosexual theories, psychoanalytic/psychosocial theories, learning theories, cognitive development theories, systems theories
psychoanalytic/psychosexual theories
- Freud
- humans are driven by inborn biological instinct, largely unconscious
psychoanalytic/psychosocial
- Erickson
- development proceeds through 8 psychosocial stages: trust, autonomy, initiative, industry, intimacy, generativity, integrity, identity
learning theory (3)
- humans change gradually due to the environment
- classical conditioning (watson)
- operant conditioning (skinner)
cognitive development theory
- Piaget
- constructivism: children actively construct their understanding of the world based on its active interactions with it
- adapt and create a new understanding
Bandura
-children learn through observation
systems theory
Bronfenbrenner: person and environment (systems) mutually influence each other
Development of the brain occurs most quickly in the ____ period.
fetal
Heartbeat can be detected with a stethoscope at ___ period.
fetal
Data collection involves (3)
verbal reports, behavioral observation, physiological measures
G Stanley Hall coined the phrase ____ for youth
storm and stress
