Chapter 11 Self and Personality Flashcards
personality often includes _____ and _____.
self-concept, self-esteem
personality traits are relatively _____
enduring
Psychoanalytic theory of personality. Who’s theory is it? What is the theory? How can a negative early experience affect the child?
- freud
- children go through universal stages of psychosexual development
- negative early experience leaves a permanent mark
Neo-freudian approach to personality. Who’s theory was it? What is the theory?
- erik erikson
- personality evolves through challenges associated with different stages of development
Social learning theory. Who’s theory was it? What was the theory (3)?
- Bandura & Mischel
- rejects stages questions the existence of enduring traits
- people change as enviro changes
Infants are born with or without a sense of self? How do they develop?
- without
- develop through perceptions of body and arms
Define self-recognition. At what age does it develop?
ability of infants to recognize self in mirrors/photos (18-24 mo)
Give examples of categorical self of infants
-my sex, my age, like me, not like me
What is temperament? It gives insight into _____.
- genetically based tendencies to respond in predictable ways
- give insight into a baby’s personality
Thomas and Chess’ theory of temperament in infants (3)
- easy: happy, content
- difficult: irritable, irregular in habits
- slow to warm-up: not very active, moody
Temperament in infancy has a lot/little to do with adult adjustment.
little
What should parents do with regards to infant’s personality?
get to know them as an individual and allow personality
_____ begins to use personal prounouns such a I or mine.
toddlers
_____ and ____ develop further in children.
self-conception (around 8) & self-esteem
Children who see the success of parents are more _____ and _____.
capable & socially attractive
During adolescence, self-descriptions become _____ (5).
- less physical and more psychological
- less concrete and more abstract
- more distinct
- more integrated into a more coherent self-portrait
- more self-aware and reflective
Erikson believed that identity formation involves ____ and _____. In what age group? What kinds of questions did they ask?
- role crisis & identity confusion
- adolescent
- Where am I going? How do I fit in?
moratorium period
time of freedom & choice given to adolescents
know
What are Marcia’s 4 stages of identity status? What are some examples?
- diffusion status - no crisis/commitment (12-15 yo) Ex. have not thought about who they are
- foreclosure status - commitment without crisis. Ex going to college because their parents said so.
- moratorium status - crisis experienced without commitment (18 yo). Ex. what should I use my scholarship for?
- identity achievement status - crisis & commitment made. Ex. decision to go to nursing school.
_____ identity is established when parents teach them about cultural traditions and prepare them for a diverse society.
positive ethnic identity
_____ identity is the central aspect of identity in an adolescent with major implications towards the adult group
vocational identity
bolded
Identity formation in the adolescent is a product of 5 factors:
- cognitive development enables one to consider future identities
- personality traits impact exploration
- relationships with parents need to be supportive but also challenged
- opportunities to explore outside the home
- broader cultural context
How does self-esteem waiver in children, adolescent, adulthood, and older age?
high in childhood, drop in adolescence, rises in adulthood and drops in older age
Elderly can maintain positive self-image, despite loss. How? (9)
-faith, interaction, adjusting, adapting, helping others, not internalizing ageist sterotypes, small changes possible, open to new experiences, emotional stability
