Chapter 11 Self and Personality

Question 1

personality often includes _____ and _____.

Answer 1

self-concept, self-esteem

Question 2

personality traits are relatively _____

Answer 2

enduring

Question 3

Psychoanalytic theory of personality. Who’s theory is it? What is the theory? How can a negative early experience affect the child?

Answer 3

• freud
• children go through universal stages of psychosexual development
• negative early experience leaves a permanent mark

Question 4

Neo-freudian approach to personality. Who’s theory was it? What is the theory?

Answer 4

• erik erikson

- personality evolves through challenges associated with different stages of development

Question 5

Social learning theory. Who’s theory was it? What was the theory (3)?

Answer 5

• Bandura & Mischel
• rejects stages questions the existence of enduring traits
• people change as enviro changes

Question 6

Infants are born with or without a sense of self? How do they develop?

Answer 6

• without

- develop through perceptions of body and arms

Question 7

Define self-recognition. At what age does it develop?

Answer 7

ability of infants to recognize self in mirrors/photos (18-24 mo)

Question 8

Give examples of categorical self of infants

Answer 8

-my sex, my age, like me, not like me

Question 9

What is temperament? It gives insight into _____.

Answer 9

• genetically based tendencies to respond in predictable ways
• give insight into a baby’s personality

Question 10

Thomas and Chess’ theory of temperament in infants (3)

Answer 10

1. easy: happy, content
2. difficult: irritable, irregular in habits
3. slow to warm-up: not very active, moody

Question 11

Temperament in infancy has a lot/little to do with adult adjustment.

Answer 11

little

Question 12

What should parents do with regards to infant’s personality?

Answer 12

get to know them as an individual and allow personality

Question 13

_____ begins to use personal prounouns such a I or mine.

Answer 13

toddlers

Question 14

_____ and ____ develop further in children.

Answer 14

self-conception (around 8) & self-esteem

Question 15

Children who see the success of parents are more _____ and _____.

Answer 15

capable & socially attractive

Question 16

During adolescence, self-descriptions become _____ (5).

Answer 16

1. less physical and more psychological
2. less concrete and more abstract
3. more distinct
4. more integrated into a more coherent self-portrait
5. more self-aware and reflective

Question 17

Erikson believed that identity formation involves ____ and _____. In what age group? What kinds of questions did they ask?

Answer 17

• role crisis & identity confusion
• adolescent
• Where am I going? How do I fit in?

Question 18

moratorium period

Answer 18

time of freedom & choice given to adolescents

Question 19

know

What are Marcia’s 4 stages of identity status? What are some examples?

Answer 19

1. diffusion status - no crisis/commitment (12-15 yo) Ex. have not thought about who they are
2. foreclosure status - commitment without crisis. Ex going to college because their parents said so.
3. moratorium status - crisis experienced without commitment (18 yo). Ex. what should I use my scholarship for?
4. identity achievement status - crisis & commitment made. Ex. decision to go to nursing school.

Question 20

_____ identity is established when parents teach them about cultural traditions and prepare them for a diverse society.

Answer 20

positive ethnic identity

Question 21

_____ identity is the central aspect of identity in an adolescent with major implications towards the adult group

Answer 21

vocational identity

Question 22

bolded

Identity formation in the adolescent is a product of 5 factors:

Answer 22

1. cognitive development enables one to consider future identities
2. personality traits impact exploration
3. relationships with parents need to be supportive but also challenged
4. opportunities to explore outside the home
5. broader cultural context

Question 23

How does self-esteem waiver in children, adolescent, adulthood, and older age?

Answer 23

high in childhood, drop in adolescence, rises in adulthood and drops in older age

Question 24

Elderly can maintain positive self-image, despite loss. How? (9)

Answer 24

-faith, interaction, adjusting, adapting, helping others, not internalizing ageist sterotypes, small changes possible, open to new experiences, emotional stability

Question 25

Why are there little personality changes in middle to later adulthood? (3)

Answer 25

• stable enviornment
• lasting effects of childhood experience
• heredity

Question 26

walking gait = _____ + _____ = longevity

Answer 26

self image

Question 27

What can still affect the personality of adults? (5)

Answer 27

-job change, move, poor fit, health issues, major life changes

Question 28

Tendency to be consistent _____ with age.

Activity level and openness to new experience _____ with age.

Answer 28

increases, decreases

Question 29

The big 5 in adults

Answer 29

-activity level & open

Question 30

Read:

vocational development and adjustments in adults.

Answer 30

• early adulthood explore possibilities
• mentors great help
• establish that special career
• work positive impact/lack of work hard
• aging worker just as competent as young worker
• aging worker uses different strategies to compensate