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A&P For SLP > Exam 2 Review > Flashcards

Exam 2 Review Flashcards

1
Q

Ventral spinothalamic tract

A

Goes from the spinal cord to the thalamus. Transmits information about light touch.

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2
Q

Spinocerebellar tract

A

Goes from the spinal cord to the cerebellum. Conveys information about the muscles and tendons in the leg and trunk

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3
Q

Lateral spinothalamic tract

A

Goes from the spinal cord to the thalamus. Conveys information about pain and temperature

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4
Q

Fasiculus Gracilis

A

Goes from the spinal cord to the medulla oblongata. Conveys information about joint movement, vibration, and passive movement

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5
Q

Fasiculus Cuneatus

A

Goes from the spinal cord to the medulla oblongata. Relays proprioceptive information.

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6
Q

Vestibulospinal tract

A

Runs from the brain stem to the spinal cord. Regulates the balance reflex mechanism. Also plays a role in posture and muscle tone.

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7
Q

Direct Pyramidal Tract/ Ventral Corticospinal tract

A

Runs from the motor cortex to the spinal cord. Relays voluntary impulses for movement in the mid thoracic region

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8
Q

Reticulospinal tract

A

Goes from the reticular formation of the medulla and midbrain and goes to the spinal cord. Regulates skeletal muscle tone

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9
Q

Tectospinal Tract

A

Goes from the tectum (more specifically the superior colliculi) to the spinal cord. Plays a role in the audiovisual reflex.

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10
Q

Rubrospinal Tract

A

Goes from the red nucleus to spinal cord. Associated with cerebellar function and motor coordination

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11
Q

Lateral Pyramidal Tract/ Lateral Corticospinal Tract

A

Goes from the motor cortex to the spinal cord. Responsible for initiating of motor movements.

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12
Q

Three Primary Systems of Speech

A
  1. Pyramidal System
  2. Extrapyramidal System
  3. Cerebellar System
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13
Q

Pyramidal System

A

Responsible for initiating voluntary speech movements

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14
Q

Extrapyramidal System

A

Provides the non voluntary support that lets you perform the purposeful movement

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15
Q

Cerebellar System

A

Provides the precise and specialized motor control that enables us to produce the rapid alternating and repetitive movements needed for smooth conversational speech

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16
Q

Executive Functions

A

How we exercise control over our cognitive processes, like inhibition, self-monitoring, planning, regulation of emotion, and motivation

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17
Q

Cervical Vertebrae

A

7 most superior vertebrae that make up the neck. Have the largest vertebral foramen and have transverse foramen.

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18
Q

Thoracic Vertebrae

A

12 Vertebrae below the cervical vertebrae. Have costal facets or demifacets, where the ribs attach.

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19
Q

Lumbar Vertebrae

A

5 vertebrae below the thoracic vertebrae. The largest vertebrae and have a large spinous process, where the muscles of the lower back attach

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20
Q

Sacral Vertebrae

A

5 vertebrae below the lumbar vertebrae. Born separated but fuse to create the sacrum.

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21
Q

Coccygeal Vertebrae

A

3-5 vertebrae below the sacral vertebrae. Separated at birth but fuse to create the coccyx, a vestigial structure

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22
Q

Vertebrae

A

Approximately the 33 bones that make up the vertebral column

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23
Q

Corpus

A

Mass of bone that functions to protect

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24
Q

Vertebral Foramen

A

The opening in the vertebrae. Directly where the spinal cord passes through

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25
Q

Neural Arch

A

Surrounds the vertebral foramen

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26
Q

Anterior Neural Arch

A

Between the corpus and the vertebral foramen

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27
Q

Posterior Neural Arch

A

Below the vertebral foramen

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28
Q

Spinous Process

A

The projection extending posteriorly off the posterior arch. Serves as a point of muscle attachment

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29
Q

Transverse Process

A

Projection located laterally at each side of vertebrae. Serves as a point of muscular attachment and the point of attachment of the ribs

30
Q

Transverse Foramen

A

Allows for the passage of blood vessels and nerves

31
Q

Articular Facets

A

Each vertebrae above the level of the sacrum contain two superior and two inferior. The superior join with the inferior of each vertebrae

32
Q

Intervertebral disc

A

Separates each vertebrae that’s above the level of the sacrumm. Rings of cartilage that gives the vertebral column flexibility and resiliency. Acts like the body’s shock absorber

33
Q

Intervertebral Foramen

A

The opening between each vertebrae above the level of the sacrum. It’s how blood vessels pass to spinal cord and how spinal nerves enter and exit the spinal cord

34
Q

Cauda Equina

A

Series of nerve rootlets at the end of the spinal cord that taper to a point called this

35
Q

Pyramidal Decussation

A

Point at which 80% of the tracts cross to the other side of the body

36
Q

Superior Cerebellar Peduncle

A

Sensory information goes from the cerebellum to the thalamus via the midbrain

37
Q

Middle Cerebellar Peduncle

A

Motor information goes from the frontal and temporal lobes to the cerebellum via the pons

38
Q

Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle

A

Sensory information goes from the spinal cord to the cerebellum via the medulla. Motor information goes from the cortex above to the cerebellum via the medulla

39
Q

Brachium Pontis

A

The middle cerebellar peduncle

40
Q

Brachium Conjunctivum

A

The superior cerebellar peduncle

41
Q

Restiform body

A

the inferior cerebellar peduncle

42
Q

Dens

A

The axis’s projection

43
Q

Functions of the cerebellum

A
  1. The center for inhibition and excitation of connecting neurons
  2. Regulates muscle synergy
  3. Provides the fine coordination for rapid alternating movement
  4. Helps maintain posture and balance for things like walking, eating, dressing, and writing
44
Q

Anterior Corticospinal Tracts

A

The 20% of pyramidal tract fibers that don’t cross to the opposite side of the body

45
Q

Atlas

A

C1. The skull fits into the superior facets

46
Q

Inferior Colluculi

A

Responsible for the mediation and regulation of auditory reflex

47
Q

Ventral Horns

A

Composed of motor nuclei, or ventral horn cells. Synapse with ventral horn fibers and send out motor information by the spinal nerves.

48
Q

Dorsal Horns

A

Composed for sensory nuclei, or dorsal horn cells. Synapse with dorsal horn fibers and make up the sensory component of the spinal nerves.

49
Q

Gray Matter

A

Composed of spinal nerve cells and surround the central canal

50
Q

Corpora Quadrigemina

A

Composed of inferior and superior colliculi. Dorsally positioned and plays a role in the auditory and visual reflex. The functional union

51
Q

Substantia Nigra

A

Strip of gray matter just posterior to the nuclei of the cerebral peduncle. Important for motor control. Has fibers that extend to the frontal lobe, so it plays a role in attention and executive functions. Also creates the neurotransmitter, dopamine

52
Q

Reticular Formation

A
  1. An efferent and afferent communication network that extends from the level of the thalamus all the way to the spinal cord.
  2. An early warning system that warns the thalamus and structures above that sensory information is going to be forthcoming
  3. With with the thalamus to regulate circulation, respiration, and gastrointestinal activity
53
Q

Vermis

A

Connects the two hemispheres of the cerebellum

54
Q

Pons

A

Its a connector. It connects the medulla to the midbrain and the cerebellum to the rest of the brain

55
Q

Axis

A

C2. It serves as a pivot point for your skull

56
Q

Lateral Corticospinal Tracts

A

The 80% of pyramidal tracts that do cross

57
Q

Red Nucleus

A

Posterior to the substantia nigra. The relay center for the extrapyramidal system

58
Q

Spinal Cord

A

A bidirectional transmission link between the body and the brain.

59
Q

Lobes of Cerebellum

A
  1. Anterior Lobe
  2. Posterior Lobe
  3. Flocculonodular Lobe
60
Q

Anterior Lobe

A

Receives proprioceptive inpulses from the spinal cord

61
Q

Posterior Lobe

A

Regulates coordination of muscle activity

62
Q

Flocculonodular Lobe

A

Responsible for mediating equilibrium

63
Q

Function of Vertebral Column

A
  1. Houses and protects the spinal cord
  2. Provides the body with some degree of axial support
  3. Provides some degree of movement for the neck, thoracic region and lumbar region
64
Q

Tectum

A

Anatomic union for the inferior and superior colliculi

65
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

When the cells of the substantia nigra die and depletes dopamine

66
Q

Superior Colliculi

A

Responsible for mediating and regulating visual reflex

67
Q

Ipsilateral

A

Each hemisphere of the cerebellum controls the same side of the body its on

68
Q

Conus Medullaris

A

The point to where the spinal cord tapers off to. Located around L1 to L3

69
Q

Cerebellum Steps

A
  1. Receives motor information that warns it about an impending motor movement
  2. Receives sensory information with feedback on how the movement actually went
  3. Sends out sensory information that allows us to adjust and execute the motor action
70
Q

Bar of the H / Central Canal

A

Cells that are part of the reticular Formation

71
Q

Dorsal Median Septum

A

Posteriorly divide the spinal cord in half

72
Q

Ventral Median Fissure

A

Ventrally divide the spinal cord in half

A&P For SLP (17 decks)

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